Antimicrobial drugs for the intestines and stomach

Treatment with potent drugs is prescribed quite often, and dysbiosis becomes a common complication of such therapy. Dysbacteriosis can be eliminated when taking antibiotics, or rather, prevented, by using additional drugs. They are aimed at protecting organs - the intestines and liver, as well as the genitourinary system.

Additionally, patients undergoing a course of antibiotics must avoid heavy foods: fatty, smoked, spicy and hot, as well as most unnatural sweets with refined sugar.

Use of antibacterial drugs

In order to determine the appropriate treatment regimen for peptic ulcers using antibiotics for the stomach, you should first undergo a gastrointestinal examination. The selection of the optimal course of therapy is facilitated by laboratory tests of stool, blood, biopsy, ultrasound, x-ray of the digestive organs and endoscopy. Through diagnosis, it is possible to determine the stage of development of the patient’s ulcer, the form of damage to the mucous membranes and the type. The information obtained during the research allows us to determine the root cause of the development of pathology in the gastrointestinal tract.

The most common cause of ulcerative lesions is infection with Helicobacter pylori. For the treatment of gastritis and ulcers caused by this microorganism, it is indicated to take specific antibiotics.

List of medications for adults

To treat dysbiosis, prebiotic and probiotic drugs are used, which do an excellent job of restoring damaged microflora, relieving unpleasant symptoms caused by antibiotics.

Here is a list of the most popular and effective medications prescribed to adult patients:

• "Lactobacterin";
• "Bifidumbacterin";
• "Bifiform";
• "Acipol";
• "Linex";
• "Hilak forte";
• Trilact and others.

Let's look at some of them in more detail.

Prescription of antibiotic drugs for pathology

The indication for the use of antibiotics for the stomach is the presence of gastritis or ulcerative lesions in the body, infection with an infection confirmed in the course of appropriate studies.

If the gastrointestinal pathology is not of bacterial origin, the use of antibiotic drugs is not required. As an independent disease, this disease is quite rare. In most cases, the inflammatory process spreads throughout the body, affecting the nearest parts of the intestine.

The pharmaceutical market provides a large selection of drugs, which makes it difficult to decide on a medicine. Which antibiotic should I choose for stomach pain? Let's figure it out.

Medicine "Lactobacterin"

What to take antibiotics against dysbacteriosis with? “Lactobacterin” is a probiotic, belongs to the first generation, it is created on the basis of only one component, which is live lactobacilli. After penetration into the intestines, it produces lactic acid, which creates favorable conditions for the appearance of beneficial organisms. The active ingredient of the product fights staphylococcus and E. coli. It is worth saying that this probiotic has almost no contraindications or any adverse reactions, so it cannot harm patients.

The drug is produced in the form of a powder, which is hermetically packaged in bottles. Each pack contains ten such vessels. You can treat with the drug for no more than ten days. It is resistant to antibiotics, and therefore its simultaneous use with antibacterial drugs is allowed.

Indications for use are intestinal infections along with dysbiosis, diarrhea and impaired bowel function. Contraindications, according to the instructions, include vulvovaginitis.

What else do you take with antibiotics for dysbiosis?

Popular antibiotic drugs for the treatment of gastritis and ulcerative lesions

Traditional therapy for ulcerative lesions in the duodenum and stomach involves the use of antibacterial medications with a wide range of effects, used both in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and pathologies of the genitourinary system, respiratory system, brain, and skin that have a bacterial etiology.

Of the large number of antibiotics for the stomach, experts recommend drugs from the following pharmacological groups:

When eradication therapy of gastric diseases involves the use of a combination of agents that enhance the effects of each other.

When used orally, the medication is quickly absorbed, as a result of which it is possible to achieve not only local, but also systemic effects on the infection.

Eating food does not affect the level of absorption of the drug; gastric juice is not capable of destroying the active component.

The manufacturer produces the product in tablet form. The drug is effective in the fight against Helicobacter pylori, as it is able to disrupt the process of protein biosynthesis in the cellular structure of the microorganism.

It is important to know how to take an antibiotic - on an empty stomach or after eating?

The drug is partially destroyed under the influence of the acidic environment in the stomach, so its optimal use would be for ulcerative lesions that develop in conditions of natural acidity.

Rectal suppositories

Suppositories for intestinal inflammation take second place after tablet forms, since they are quickly absorbed into the systemic bloodstream and exhibit fewer side effects.

There are a large number of anti-inflammatory suppositories on the pharmaceutical market, the most popular include:

• Diclofenac sodium;
• Voltaren;
• Movalis;
• Revmoxicam;
• Polygynax;
• Hexicon;
• Proctosan;
• Relief Ultra.

For pathologies such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, it is best to use suppositories with anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic effects. The rectum, namely its mucous membrane, has the ability to extract the active substance from the suppository, and after delivery to the affected area of ​​the intestine.

is an inflammatory lesion of the mucous membranes of the walls of the large intestine, leading to dysfunctional disorders of the intestinal structures. Treatment of this pathology requires an integrated approach, involving not only traditional drug treatment, but also significant lifestyle correction, as well as compliance.

Drug therapy is prescribed only after identifying the exact etiology of the inflammatory process.

Suppositories are quite widely used in the treatment of colitis, as they have a powerful local anti-inflammatory effect. Rectal suppositories are quite convenient to use at night.

Such drugs help achieve rapid healing and tissue regeneration.

Under the influence of rectal suppositories, wounds and microcracks in the rectum quickly heal, inflammatory processes and tissue swelling are eliminated, pain is relieved and bowel movements are facilitated.

The drug should be prescribed only by a specialist, taking into account the form and severity of colitis.

1. Among the most effective rectal suppositories is Salofalk; this drug is also effective for proctosigmoiditis or proctitis.
2. Ultraprok, Natalsid suppositories, suppositories with propolis or sea buckthorn, methyluracil suppositories, etc. are also effective.
3. Suppositories with propolis have a pronounced analgesic and wound healing, regenerating and anti-inflammatory effect.
4. Methyluracil suppositories stimulate protection at the cellular level, help stop bleeding, and relieve inflammation, which is very important in the development of intestinal colitis.
5. Sea buckthorn suppositories provide antibacterial, wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects, and help relieve swelling and itching.

Adverse reactions

Negative manifestations associated with the use of this antibiotic develop quite rarely. In some cases, patients note sleep disturbances, changes in taste, dyspepsia, nausea, and epigastric pain.

The manufacturer produces the drug in tablet form. Under the influence of the active component, DNA is destroyed in the molecules of microorganism cells.

The drug is characterized by rapid absorption; when it enters the body, the required concentration occurs in a short time. The active substance is eliminated together with feces and urine.

Drugs based on domperidone

Domperidone is a centrally acting antiemetic. The trade name of the products that are produced on its basis is the drugs “Motilak” and “Motilium”. They also contain cellulose along with starch, magnesium, silicon and talc. Domperidone is very effective due to blocking dopamine receptors.

Under the influence of this component, the release of dopamine is disrupted, and at the same time there is a decrease in the effect on intestinal motility. Thanks to this, pain is eliminated. At the same time, domperidone does not in any way affect the process of evacuation of contents from the stomach. The drugs in question are used for treatment in the following cases:

• In the presence of dyspeptic manifestations in the digestive system during vomiting or nausea, which are caused by taking medications, improper diet, etc.
• With an atonic state of the intestines after surgery on the abdomen.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-47qizLC82o

These medications are contraindicated in the presence of signs of internal bleeding, in case of intestinal obstruction, against the background of adhesions and ulcers. The course of therapy should be no more than one month. In case of overdose of this drug or with long-term treatment, people may experience side effects such as allergic rash, increased prolactin levels and encephalopathy.

Another way to treat intestinal inflammation in adults? Medicines should be prescribed by a doctor after a complete diagnosis of the patient.

Contraindications to the use of antibiotics

Antibiotics for gastric and duodenal ulcers are prohibited from being prescribed to patients in the following cases:

• insufficiency of renal and hepatic activity;
• during the lactation period;
• contraindication is pregnancy;
• allergic reactions to drug components;
• individual hypersensitivity to substances included in medications.

In addition, each of these antibiotics has a number of specific contraindications unique to it. Eg:

If there is no expected result from the use of antibiotics for gastric and duodenal ulcers, or the patient’s condition worsens, it is recommended to abandon therapy that involves the use of these drugs. You also need to consult a specialist for advice and prescribe a different treatment regimen.

When treating gastritis and ulcerative lesions using antibiotic drugs, it is important to exercise caution.

In case of exacerbations of pathology in the gastrointestinal tract, the effectiveness of therapy can only be achieved through the use of antibiotics. To restore the body as quickly as possible, you need to select the most optimal drugs and treatment regimen. It is important to remember that only timely contact with a specialist and full compliance with his recommendations will allow you to achieve the best result.

Your doctor will tell you which antibiotic to choose for a stomach ulcer.

Therapy for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out according to diagnostic results and differs for different types of pathologies. The doctor can select a medicine for the stomach and intestines or create a combined treatment regimen for gastrointestinal pathology.

Healing the intestinal mucosa

With colitis, especially in the chronic stage, the intestinal mucosa suffers. To heal it, suppositories with sea buckthorn and propolis are used. The herbal preparation Regesol contains extracts of more than 50 medicinal herbs. Under its influence, wounds heal, regeneration accelerates, and capillary bleeding stops. Take a Regesol tablet twice a day for a month.

The Evalar company offers a general strengthening remedy “Green Oats” to restore the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, relieve inflammation and regenerate intestinal tissue. It is necessary to include one Green Oats powder in the daily diet of patients with colitis. A sachet of the product is mixed with warm soup or porridge.

Lactovit Forte takes care of the restoration of the intestinal mucosa after dysbacteriosis, antibiotic-associated and ulcerative colitis. Folic acid and cyanocobalamin stimulate regeneration and strengthen blood vessels. The capsule is consumed in the morning and evening 30 minutes before meals for a month.

Causes of gastrointestinal diseases and treatment features

Diseases of the digestive tract in most cases develop under the influence of bad habits and poor nutrition. The main risk factors for the development of gastrointestinal pathologies:

• constant stress;
• low physical activity;
• infectious infections;
• strict diets;
• binge eating;
• eating large amounts of junk food;
• excessive use of medications.

Diseases can be genetically determined - this phenomenon is observed in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, increased sensitivity of the mucous membranes of the stomach, low acidity of gastric juice and peptic ulcers.

If the disease is of a functional nature, conservative treatment is prescribed. For organic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, conservative therapy is combined with surgical intervention.

special instructions

Despite the fact that all of the above drugs are available in pharmacies without a prescription, it is still necessary to take into account that only a doctor can choose the most suitable drug. And positive treatment results directly depend on the correct choice of medication.

Categories of drugs for the stomach and intestines

For pathologies of the digestive tract, medications of the following pharmacotherapeutic groups are prescribed:

• antacids and alginates;
• antisecretory agents;
• prokinetics;
• antispasmodics;
• enzymes;
• antibiotics;
• probiotics;
• carminatives and defoamers;
• enterosorbents;
• antiemetics;
• sedatives.

Drugs for the gastrointestinal tract include antiprotozoal and anthelmintic drugs for parasitic infections, rehydration salts and other drugs classified as a separate group.

The choice of tablets for the intestines and stomach is made only by the attending physician, since self-prescription can worsen the patient’s condition and provoke an exacerbation of the disease.

Antacids work by neutralizing excess stomach acid. In such preparations, salts of alkaline earth and alkali metals are used. They are contraindicated for liver and kidney diseases, Alzheimer's disease, pregnancy and breastfeeding, like most stomach and intestinal tablets on the list. Chronic constipation is also a contraindication.

• Rennie;
• Phosphalugel;
• Almagel;
• Gastracid;
• Maalox;
• Relzer;
• Almagel A;
• Rutacid;
• Talcid;
• Gastal;
• Almagel Neo.

Antacids may contain pain-relieving components, carminatives, and defoamers that prevent bloating and flatulence.

This group includes two subclasses of drugs that act by different mechanisms, but give the same result - a decrease in the production of hydrochloric acid and, thus, a decrease in acidity.

The action of such tablets for the gastrointestinal tract is to inhibit H2 receptors located in the gastric mucosa. The result of inhibition is a decrease in the secretion and release of hydrochloric acid into the gastric lumen.

Examples of histamine blockers used for gastrointestinal pathologies:

• Histodil;
• Tagamet;
• Zantac;
• Ranisan;
• Ranitidine;
• Kvamatel;
• Ulfamid;
• Famotidine;
• Ulfamid Mini.

Prescribed for gastritis, ulcers, erosions, reflux esophagitis to reduce irritation of the affected areas by gastric juice. Not prescribed for severe functional failure of the liver and/or kidneys, malignant neoplasms in the stomach.

The action of these tablets for the treatment of the stomach and intestines is to inhibit the proton pump, which regulates the supply of hydrogen protons for the synthesis of hydrochloric acid. Its level is regulated at the synthesis stage, which is why drugs in this group are considered more effective than histamine blockers.

Examples of drugs that inhibit proton pumps:

• Gastrozol;
• Zerocide;
• Losek;
• Omez;
• Ultop;
• Omeprazole;
• Nolpaza;
• Noflux;
• Rabelok;
• Emanera;
• Nexium;
• Dexilant;
• Orthanol.

Medicines in this group are contraindicated in pregnant and lactating women, with allergies to substituted benzimidazoles, as well as in combination with certain medications, the compatibility of which must be taken into account by a gastroenterologist.

Medicines of the prokinetic group stimulate the motility of the stomach and intestines, and therefore are effective for functional constipation and disorders, intestinal obstruction, flatulence and associated pain. Some of their representatives also have a pronounced or moderate antiemetic effect.

• Cerucal;
• Bimaral;
• Motilium;
• Motilak;
• Ganaton;
• Itomed;
• Coordinax;
• Rezolor;
• Prosulpin;
• Eglonil.

The use of drugs in this group can cause cardiac arrhythmias and extrapyramidal effects; therefore, in case of diseases of the heart and central nervous system, they are contraindicated or used under medical supervision and with extreme caution.

Medicines that relieve spasms of the smooth muscles of the intestines and stomach. Effective for irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, bile duct dyskinesia, as well as for exacerbation of ulcerative pathology, if antibiotic therapy has not yet been started.

The following antispasmodics are used in gastroenterology:

• Papaverine;
• Drotaverine;
• No-Shpa;
• Duspatalin;
• Nyaspam;
• Trimedat;
• Spasmomen;
• Odeston;
• Plantex.

This group also includes the antispasmodic Meteospasmil, which also contains an antifoam agent. Among the herbal antispasmodics is Iberogast, which, under medical supervision, is used to treat gastrointestinal pathologies not only in adults, but also in infants.

Enzyme drugs replace natural gastrointestinal enzymes for the breakdown of peptides, lipids, and carbohydrates. May additionally contain bile components.

In the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, the following enzyme agents are prescribed:

• Creon;
• Panzinorm;
• Mezim Forte;
• Gastenorm;
• Pancitrate;
• Pangrol;
• Penzital;
• Festal;
• Pancreatin.

They facilitate the digestion process in case of enzyme deficiency or reduced activity of the pancreas. They are also prescribed after operations on the gastrointestinal tract to stabilize its functioning.

Antibiotics are used in gastroenterology to treat diarrhea in case of poisoning with an infectious agent, as well as in regimens for eliminating Helicobacter. The latter is the cause of peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.

For the treatment of Helicobacter Pylori, the following antibiotics are used:

• Klacid;
• Sumamed;
• Vilprafen;
• Trichopolum;
• Flagyl;
• Flemoxin Solutab;
• McMiror;
• Tavanik;
• Alpha Normix.

Other antibiotics are used to treat diarrhea. If the disorder is accompanied by the presence of blood in the stool, very loose and frequent stools, and the patient is unable to obtain medical help, ciprofloxacin is recommended. Antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity can be prescribed for the treatment of diarrhea: norfloxacin, rifaximin, furazolidone and others.

Preparations with beneficial microflora that eliminate pathogenic bacteria in the intestines and stomach and restore their microflora. Effective for functional dysbacteriosis and poisoning. Most probiotics can be given to a child as prescribed by a doctor.

• Acylact;
• Acipol;
• Enterol;
• Linux;
• Bifiform;
• Lactobacterin;
• Bifidumbacterin.

Most often, the composition contains strains of lactobacilli; combined compositions are possible.

Drugs of this pharmacotherapeutic group are intended to reduce gas formation in the digestive tract. Due to excessive accumulation of gases, patients often complain of pain in the epigastric region and abdominal cavity. According to reviews, carminative drugs also eliminate pain if it is caused by an accumulation of gases.

• Espumisan;
• Bobotik;
• Plantex – for children;
• Simethicone;
• Imodium;
• Trivin;
• Enzymtal;
• Sub Simplex;
• Movespasm.

Carminative medications promote the absorption of gases by the intestinal walls, eliminate the processes of fermentation and stagnation of feces.

Medicines in this group constitute the first line of treatment for food poisoning. They bind and remove toxins and metabolites, pathogenic microorganisms, and chemicals.

• Activated carbon;
• Smecta;
• Polyphepan;
• Enterosgel;
• Benta;
• Neosmectin;
• Smectite;
• Atoxyl;
• Maxisorb;
• Silix.

The use of enterosorbents for intestinal obstruction and chronic constipation is prohibited. Enterosorbents are approved for use in pediatrics.

Medicines in this group block various receptors, thereby affecting different types of nervous regulation. Depending on the blocking of one or another receptor, the mechanisms of their action are also distinguished. Antiemetic drugs block serotonin, dopamine, or cholinergic receptors.

• Aurodance;
• Domegan;
• Isotron;
• Ondem;
• Emeset;
• Unorm;
• Ondanset;
• Domidon;
• Perilium;
• Domrid.

Medicines are dispensed in the form of tablets and solutions for intravenous infusion. Prescribed only by a gastroenterologist.

Representatives of this group:

• Amitriptyline;
• Imipramine;
• Sertraline;
• Miaser;
• Piracetam;
• Validol.

Herbal preparations can be prescribed: valerian extract, motherwort, Novo-Passit, Sedasen and others. They are affordable and have fewer contraindications.

Tablets for restoring microflora

First of all, it should be repeated that it is not recommended to choose drugs for the treatment of a particular intestinal disease (including dysbiosis) without a medical examination. The fact is that for some disorders, tablets for intestinal microflora will be completely useless. Moreover, such “therapy” can itself cause dysbiosis.

Bacteria living in the intestines can be divided into two types: beneficial and potentially dangerous. In fact, for the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, both types are necessary, thanks to which the process of food decomposition occurs.

When one or another type of microorganism decreases, problems may arise in the functioning of the large and small intestines. To normalize the functioning of the intestinal microflora, in addition to certain foods, it is recommended to take tablets that “supply” deficient types of bacteria to the human intestine.

Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics

Probiotics include some non-pathogenic bacteria, as well as fungi, that increase the beneficial biological activity of the small and large intestine. Common probiotic preparations are Bifidumbacterin, Trilact, Lactobacterin, Acipol, Linex, Biovestin, Bificol, Floradofilus.

Interestingly, taking probiotics has a beneficial effect on the entire body, since the microflora not only of the intestines improves, but also in other places “saturated” with bacteria (for example, in the oral cavity, on the vaginal mucosa, in the stomach).

Prebiotics are non-microbial in origin. Their function is to promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria within the microflora. They are undigested food in the stomach, which serves as a breeding ground for probiotic bacteria. Obviously, if there is a lack of prebiotic substances in the body, then this automatically affects the number of beneficial microorganisms.

Prebiotic medications are often available in the form of capsules and syrups. Tablets, however, are also produced. The main prebiotic preparations are Lactusan, Hilak forte, Normaze, Duphalac, Fervital.

Treatment of dysbiosis requires complex measures; the body needs a supply of both probiotics and prebiotics. Therefore, it is most often recommended to take synbiotics - drugs that combine different substances and bacteria in the right proportions.

The list of synbiotic drugs is large, which is not surprising given their demand among people: Bifiliz, Polyphytohol, Multidophilus, Extralact, Bactistantin, Filtrum or Lactofiltrum, Lactiale, Normospectrum, Normoflorin, Bilactin, Bifido-bak.

Medicines for intestinal inflammation

In the treatment of inflammatory processes, as well as to relieve pain, various tablets and drugs are prescribed depending on the disease. These medications are divided into several main groups:

• Antibiotic drugs (including antifungals). Oflosaccin, Phthalazol, Amoxicillin, Levomycetin, Nystatin, Amoxiclav, Doxycycline, Ampiox, Biseptol (for dysentery), Nifuratel and other antimicrobial drugs.
• Antidiarrheals. Eliminate defecation disorders (diarrhea, constipation). Lactiol, Loperamide, Imodium, Lopedium, Diarol, Loperacal.
• Immunomodulators. Restore immunity. Imuran, Immunal, Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine. To monitor the effects of immunomodulatory drugs on internal organs (kidneys, liver, bone marrow), it is necessary to regularly take blood tests.
• Antispasmodics. No-shpa, Niaspam, Papaverine, Tridedat, Sparex, Neobutin, Pentalgin, Spazmolgon.
• Aminosalicylates. They are used in the treatment of chronic forms of colitis, as well as some other diseases (such as Crohn's disease). Olsalazine, Dipentum, Mesalazine (Asacol), Sulfasalazine.
• Corticosteroid drugs. Prescribed for severe forms of intestinal inflammation, their exacerbations, as well as for Crohn's disease. Budesonide, Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone, Prednisone.

The vast majority of drugs (especially corticosteroids) have side effects and serious contraindications, which should be taken into account before taking them. In case of severe abdominal pain, the doctor will prescribe not only anti-inflammatory drugs for the intestines, but also different types of probiotics, synbiotics and other drugs.

This is due to the fact that inflammatory processes in the intestines can be caused by a violation of the microflora, or by infection in the body.

How to help the gastrointestinal mucosa?

During drug therapy for diseases of the digestive tract, it is necessary to follow a dietary diet. Most diseases correspond to a certain dietary table according to Pevzner - it is prescribed by the attending physician or nutritionist. It is recommended to eat mucous porridges and avoid spicy, fatty, too hot or cold foods. You should also avoid fast food.

A physical therapy specialist can prescribe sets of exercises to strengthen the abdominal muscles, normalize stool, and eliminate intestinal obstruction.

Among the folk methods that can be used at home are herbal teas and decoctions. Chamomile, elecampane, mint, licorice, and sea buckthorn teas are useful for gastrointestinal pathologies. Herbal infusions are recommended by a doctor when prescribing the main line of therapy.

Medicines for young patients

When a child gets sick, unfortunately, it is not always possible to cure him without antibiotics. But antibacterial drugs have not yet been created that can selectively recognize harmful microorganisms. As you know, antibiotics destroy all bacteria, regardless of whether they are “bad” or “good”.

A deficiency of beneficial microorganisms in a child’s digestive tract can lead to the proliferation of fungi on the mucous membranes and the development of stomatitis or candidiasis. In addition, as a result of taking antibacterial drugs in children, as in adults, the amount of enzymes necessary for digestion decreases.

Where to go if you have abdominal pain?

In case of moderate pain and in the absence of other severe symptoms, you should contact a gastroenterologist and therapist.

Intestinal infections are the second most common disease. ARVI traditionally takes first place. But antibiotics are used to treat the intestines in only 20% of all diagnosed cases.

The indication for prescribing drugs is the development of the following symptoms:

• significant increase in body temperature;
• cutting pain in the abdomen;
• diarrhea occurring more than 10 times a day;
• uncontrollable vomiting;
• signs of developing dehydration.

Drugs from the antibiotic category can be prescribed for dysbiosis, colitis and stool disorders (diarrhea).

Symptoms of intestinal inflammation

According to statistics, inflammatory diseases of the small and large intestines are the most common. They can be acute or chronic.

Duodenitis

Duodenitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the duodenum.

Acute duodenitis is characterized by severe pain in the stomach, heartburn, belching, nausea, vomiting, and general weakness. Symptoms completely subside after treatment. The disease does not leave noticeable structural changes in the mucous membrane of the duodenum.

Chronic duodenitis is a long-term relapsing disease characterized by the development of foci of inflammation in the mucous membrane of the duodenum. It manifests itself as paroxysmal pain in the epigastrium or in the right hypochondrium of a bursting or twisting nature. Accompanied by a feeling of bloating, bitter belching, nausea and vomiting with bile.

Duodenitis is a polyetiological disease, but the most common cause of inflammation of the duodenum is Helicobacter pylori infection.

Based on the localization of the inflammatory process in the duodenum, bulbar (bulbit) and postbulbar duodenitis are divided. Bulbit - when the source of inflammation is in the initial (bulbar) section - is often combined with gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa). Distal or postbulbar duodenitis, as a rule, is combined with inflammation in the pancreas, as well as the biliary system.

Enteritis

Enteritis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine - is often combined with damage to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. So, with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine, gastroenteritis is diagnosed; enterocolitis is diagnosed in the small and large intestines; with simultaneous damage to the stomach, small and large intestines, gastroenterocolitis is diagnosed. Inflammation occurs in acute or chronic form.

The picture of acute enteritis is typical for food poisoning and some infectious diseases (typhoid fever, cholera, salmonellosis). The disease also occurs due to irritation of the small intestinal mucosa by excessively spicy or rough foods or alcohol.

Acute enteritis first manifests itself as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the umbilical region. Then general symptoms appear: fever, weakness, sweating, headache. The disease progresses quickly.

Chronic enteritis develops over a long period of time, often against the background of concomitant gastritis. The disease manifests itself as dull, low-intensity pain around the navel, nausea, a feeling of bloating, and rumbling after eating. In severe cases, diarrhea is characteristic (stool frequency reaches 20 times a day).

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon can be isolated or combined with damage to the small intestine and/or stomach (enterocolitis, gastroenterocolitis).

Acute colitis is often of infectious origin (dysentery). Sometimes the cause of the disease is food poisoning.

Symptoms of acute colitis are severe cramping pain in the abdomen, frequent loose stools with an unpleasant odor, mucus, and in severe cases blood, tenesmus (painful urge to defecate), general malaise, weakness, and often fever.

Chronic non-infectious colitis develops as a complication of gastritis, pancreatitis, enteritis, and may be associated with systematic dietary errors or prolonged intoxication. It manifests itself as dull aching pain in the right, left or lower abdomen, prolonged constipation or diarrhea, sometimes alternating them. Patients are concerned about flatulence, loss of appetite, nausea, weakness, and malaise. Psycho-emotional disorders and depression are common.

The causes of the disease are not fully understood. Most likely, it is genetic in nature.

In ulcerative colitis, the rectum is primarily affected. If the disease continues for a long time, the inflammatory process spreads to other parts of the large intestine.

The main symptom of the disease is bleeding. Blood is found in the stool even during remission.

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by diarrhea, sometimes alternating with constipation. The pain most often occurs in the left side of the abdomen.

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is similar in nature to ulcerative colitis, but, unlike it, affects all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Most often, inflammation affects different parts of the ileum, colon and rectum.

Crohn's disease occurs over a long period of time, with exacerbations alternating with remissions. In the acute period, patients are concerned about cramping abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, increased body temperature, and weight loss. Blood and mucus are noticeable in the stool.

Often with Crohn's disease, anal fissures and pain in the anal area occur. Characterized by joint pain and skin rashes. With a long course of the disease, complications are possible: fistulas, abscesses, strictures of the affected areas with the development of intestinal obstruction, which can be partial or complete.

Appendicitis

The most common disease of the appendix is ​​acute inflammation, requiring surgical intervention. Inflammation usually occurs as a result of blocking the opening of the appendix with a hard foreign body.

Symptoms of appendicitis include severe pain in the socket of the right hip joint, vomiting, leukocytosis (excess white blood cells) and high fever.

The only treatment is removal (appendectomy). Otherwise, perforation and inflammation of the peritoneum may occur, resulting in death.

Antibiotics to treat intestinal infections

The cause of infectious damage to the gastrointestinal tract is the penetration of pathogenic microflora into the human body. These can be staphylococci, protozoa, enteroviruses, salmonella, etc.

The indication for the use of drugs from the category of antibiotics is the lack of positive dynamics of treatment from previously prescribed drugs. But when dysentery or cholera is diagnosed, they are prescribed to be taken immediately.

To treat intestinal pathology, medications from the following categories can be used:

• cephalosporins;
• fluoroquinolones;
• tetracyclines;
• aminoglycosides;
• aminopenicillins.

If we talk about specific drugs, the most often prescribed are:

1. Levomycetin. Broad-spectrum antibiotic. Very effective against Vibrio cholerae. Recommended in the absence of a therapeutic effect after taking other medications. Prohibited for use in children.
2. Tetracycline. Practiced for the treatment of intestinal infections caused by salmonella and amoebas. Effective against the causative agent of anthrax, plague, psittacosis. Long-term treatment with drugs of this group can provoke the development of dysbiosis, therefore, after tetracycline antibiotics, the patient is recommended to take synbiotics.
3. Rifaximin. The drug is less aggressive than tetracycline, and therefore can be prescribed to both adults and children.
4. Ampicillin. A semi-synthetic agent that is effective against a large number of pathogens. Allowed for children and pregnant women.
5. Ciprofloxacin (from the group of fluoroquinolones). Does not cause dysbiosis.
6. Azithromycin (from the group of macrolides). Suppresses the growth of pathogenic microflora in three days. The safest medicine with virtually no side effects.
7. Amoxicillin.

Classification of antimicrobial drugs

There are several classifications of antimicrobial drugs. First of all, we can divide probiotics into groups according to their generations:

1. Classic preparations containing only one type of microorganism (Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin).
2. Self-eliminating antagonists (Biosporin, Enterol, Bactisubtil).
3. Multicomponent medicines containing from 2 to 30 strains of beneficial microorganisms (Bifikol, Linex).
4. Combined products that consist of bacteria and auxiliary ingredients that create an ideal environment for them to reproduce and support metabolism (Kipacid, Bifiliz).
5. Multicomponent combination preparations consisting of several strains of bacteria and components for increasing their numbers (Bifiform, Floristin).

Another classification is based on the form of the drug. They are divided into:

• dry (Colibacterin, Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin);
• liquid (Bifidum No. 791 BAG, Biovestin, Trilact, Floristin, Lactoflor);
• sorbents (Ecoflor, Bifidumbacterin forte, Probifor, Bifikol);
• capsules with a shell that dissolves in the intestines (Linex).

Based on the ingredients, medications can be divided into:

• monocomponent (Narine, Atsilakt, Bifinorm);
• symbiotics (Acipol, Symbiolact, Linex);
• synbiotics (Bion 3, Bioflor, Narine forte);
• probiotic complexes (Bifikol forte, Probifor).

The type of drug depends on the indications for use. For constipation, it is enough to take a monocomponent drug or a synbiotic. For preventive antibacterial treatment of the intestines, it is worth choosing probiotic complexes.

The use of antibiotics for dysbacteriosis

When dysbiosis develops, medications from the group of antibiotics are prescribed to suppress pathogenic bacteria. Most often, drugs from the following groups are recommended for use:

• penicillins;
• tetracyclines;
• cephalosporins;
• quinolones.

Metronidazole may also be prescribed.

Since antibiotics already have a detrimental effect on the state of the microflora of the digestive tract, they are used for dysbiosis of the small intestine, accompanied by malabsorption syndrome and motility disorders.

The following drugs are most often prescribed for the treatment of dysbiosis:

1. Amoxicillin. A semi-synthetic drug from the penicillin group. Gives good results when taken orally, as it is resistant to the aggressive gastric environment.
2. Alpha Normix. Non-systemic broad-spectrum antibiotic. The active substance is rifaximin. Indicated for dysbiosis caused by diarrhea and infectious pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Flemoxin Solutab. Semi-synthetic drug of the penicillin group. Has a bactericidal effect.
4. Levomycetin. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Prescribed for the treatment of dysbacteriosis caused by intestinal infection and pathologies of the abdominal organs. It can also be prescribed as an alternative drug if previously selected medications have not given a positive result.

With the development of dysbiosis of the large intestine, the following are prescribed:

The drugs are effective against yeast, staphylococcus and proteus, which are the main cause of colon dysbiosis. The drugs do not have a significant effect on the state of natural microflora.

Treatment regimen for intestinal colitis with medications

The treatment regimen for intestinal inflammation is quite simple, but it cannot be the same for all patients. After all, clinical cases and etiology, and even the severity of colitis, may vary, and therefore require an individually developed therapy program.

In general, therapy includes several areas of treatment:

• Diet therapy;
• Treatment with antibiotics;
• Pain therapy;
• Restorative therapy aimed at normalizing intestinal motility and microflora;
• Vitamin therapy;
• Taking antidepressants and sedatives.

Colitis must be treated comprehensively using various combinations of medications that will help eliminate the cause of the inflammatory process, relieve pathological symptoms and support the immune system.

Antibiotics for colitis

Treatment of colitis of bacterial origin is impossible without a course of antibiotics. For nonspecific ulcerative inflammation of the colon, medications of this category are prescribed in the event of a secondary bacterial infection.

In the process of treating pathology, the following can be used:

• group of sulfonamides for mild/moderate disease;
• broad-spectrum agents for severe disease.

In order to prevent the development of dysbiosis, the patient is recommended to take probiotics. This could be Nystatin or Colibacterin. The latter contains live E. coli, which contribute to the restoration and normalization of microflora.

For colitis, the following medications may be prescribed:

1. Alpha Normix. A broad-spectrum agent with a pronounced bactericidal effect, which helps reduce the pathogenic load.
2. Furazolidone. A drug from the nitrofuran group. Has an antimicrobial effect.
3. Levomycetin. The product is active against pathogenic microflora and also exhibits a bactericidal effect. Since numerous side symptoms may develop while taking Levomycetin, the dosage and treatment regimen should be selected individually. Intramuscular administration of the drug is possible.

Self-treatment of colitis with antibiotics is completely unacceptable. A qualified specialist must select medications and determine the dosage regimen. It is also necessary to inform the doctor about all medications taken in order to exclude the development of negative reactions due to drug interactions.

Enterosorbents

The most commonly used from this group are white and black activated carbon. Filtrum-Sti should also be included in this group. Necessary for binding toxic substances, microorganisms, poisons and heavy metal salts, and then removes them from the body.

It is prescribed to patients for acute infectious processes in the intestines, intoxication and dyspeptic symptoms. There is a medicine on sale with a double effect - Lactofiltrum. It contains the properties of a probiotic and an adsorbent at the same time.

How to treat dysbiosis

It is recommended to begin drug treatment of this disease in adults with the development of dietary nutrition. The diet should be developed taking into account the restoration of the level of intestinal microflora and stabilization of its performance

.

From the menu you should remove foods and dishes that increase the process of gas formation and that contain coarse fiber. At least four times a week it is necessary to consume various fermented milk products enriched with lactic acid bacteria.

Nutrition while taking antibiotics

An unbalanced diet in combination with taking antibiotics leads to changes in the intestinal microflora. If you've never thought about dieting before, adjust your diet.

Basic principles

• the diet must correspond to the underlying disease;
• strive for a complete, balanced diet;
• for dyspeptic disorders, eat meals in small portions 4-6 times during the day;
• include foods containing prebiotics in your menu;
• take fermented milk products enriched with bifidobacteria (Bioyogurt, Bifidok, Biolact). Read more about how to choose healthy yogurt;
• if you are prone to constipation, eat foods containing dietary fiber: fresh fruits and vegetables;
• use natural antiseptics. It has been proven that rowan, apricot, and caraway seeds suppress the growth of putrefactive bacteria in the colon;
• follow the diet for at least 2-3 weeks;
• Introduce each new product into your diet gradually.

Grocery list

What are bacterial diseases, signs

Bacteria have existed for several billion years. During this time, they withstood extreme conditions of environmental changes, as a result of which they easily adapt to external and internal factors. They also regenerate quickly and are capable of genetic changes in the population.

Bacteria and their types

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are 10 to 100 times larger than viruses and are more self-sufficient forms of life. There are four forms of bacteria: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), curved (spirillum or spirotechus) and vibrio, comma-shaped (tuberculous cholera, which is caused by bacteria - vibrio and is characterized by severe diarrhea and dehydration).

Unlike more complex life forms, bacteria carry only one set of chromosomes instead of two, and reproduce by dividing into two cells. New cells with the same genetic material are able to mutate during the process of replication, which can lead to an improved ability to adapt to their environment.

Bacterial infections refer to a wide range of diseases caused by bacteria or bacterial components that affect people, pets, wildlife, fish and birds.

Most of these diseases are contagious and can spread in different ways:

• through the bites of infected animals or insects, as well as through animal waste;
• through indirect contact with inanimate objects in transport or public places, since many bacteria can linger on surfaces for a long time;
• through direct contact from person to person, when transmission of bacteria occurs by airborne droplets through coughing, sneezing, kissing or sexual contact;
• through contaminated food or water, especially in the summer, the mechanism of such transmission allows the bacteria to be spread to many people from one source.

Human skin and external tissues are in constant contact with the environment, and therefore have easy access for microorganisms. Most bacteria that are found on the human body are commensalistic (not helpful, but not harmful to his health) or mutualistic (beneficial for the host).

Some bacteria can even protect against pathogens by releasing substances during their life that prevent the colonization of harmful microbes and provoke an immune response. Many of the bacteria help human life systems function properly (from digestion to fermentation).

Skin bacteria are characterized by the type of environment in which they thrive: oily and sebaceous areas of the body (head, neck), moist areas (elbow creases, between the fingers), dry surfaces of the hands or feet.

While many bacteria on human skin are harmless, other strains can cause serious health problems. These types of bacteria cause both mild infections and serious blood diseases, meningitis or food poisoning.

For example, Escherichia coli and Salmonella can cause food poisoning, Neisseria meningitidis leads to the development of meningitis, Helicobacter pylori provokes the development of ulcers and gastritis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, which is sexually transmitted.

The severity of bacterial infections depends largely on the type of bacteria, the person's general health, their immune system, and a number of other factors that minimize or enhance the development of the infection.

Bacteria can affect any place on the human body, causing a wide range of signs of disease. Most often, these symptoms are localized at the site of the affected area and represent the effects of stimulation of the human immune system caused by the presence of infection.

The main signs of bacterial infections include:

• fever and body temperature above 38°C, chills, trembling;
• a general feeling of malaise, enlarged lymph nodes, most often near the affected areas, for example, in the neck with pharyngitis;
• localized swelling, redness, accompanied by increased pain in the affected areas of the skin due to soft tissue infection, increased temperature;
• if bacteria penetrate the organs or tissues of the body, inflammation occurs, which is accompanied by a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and a wet cough;
• bacterial poisoning is accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea;
• with an infection of the genitourinary system, the disease is accompanied by frequent and painful urination and elevated body temperature;
• with bacterial vaginitis in women, there is an unpleasant odor of yellow-green discharge, vaginal itching and burning during urination.

In some cases, bacterial infections may be the result of a secondary viral infection, where viruses initiated the disease process and bacteria reinforced the result. Symptoms under such circumstances persist longer than the expected 10 to 14 days, and body temperature may rise several days after illness.