Interferon human leukocyte instructions for use

Release form

In pharmacy kiosks, the drug can be found in the following dosage forms:

1. solutions in ampoules, which are immediately available;
2. powder for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection;
3. eye drops;
4. nasal drops;
5. vaginal and rectal suppositories;
6. gels and ointments that are applied externally;
7. aerosols;
8. solutions for oral administration;
9. pills.

It is important to understand that it is impossible to call any form of the drug the best. The use of one form or another is made only after the prescription of a doctor who analyzes the clinical picture.

Interferon instructions for use

Interferons gamma/beta/alpha can be prescribed only after testing the sensitivity of the microflora that caused the disease to the drug.
The drug is dosed depending on the degree of the body’s response to therapeutic measures with its use and the clinical picture of the disease.

Interferon for children in the form of drops, suppositories and ointments

The drug is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes from the neonatal period.

For preventive measures, it is used in the form of a solution prepared from lyophilized powder based on warm boiled/distilled water. The finished solution is red. It is used by instillation into the nasal passages of patients of any age.

Eye drops are used for therapeutic measures for diseases in the field of ophthalmology of a viral nature. Dose recommended for treatment: two drops/six times/day/every 120 minutes. The dose should be halved when the severity of symptoms decreases. Duration of use is up to ten days.

Infection with the herpetic virus is treated by applying a thin layer of ointment twice a day with an interval of 12 hours. Duration of use until the integrity of the affected area is completely restored. Typically takes three to five days.

For preventive purposes to prevent acute respiratory infections/flu, it is recommended to lubricate the nostrils with ointment before leaving the house. Apply the ointment twice a day for one week, then a week break and again a week of using the drug. It would also be useful to use Interferon until the epidemic of these diseases stops.

Interferon suppositories are used by rectal administration. One candle twice or once a day. Use from five to ten days.

Interferon in tablet form is recommended for use in doses of 2050 IU/kg of patient body weight (not to exceed 1,000,000 IU).

Dilution and use of Interferon in ampoule form

Pour water into the opened ampoule up to the 2 milliliter mark. Shake the resulting contents to completely dissolve the solution. The drug is administered 2 times a day/5 hours/every 6 hours.

Treatment for influenza should begin as soon as possible after infection to achieve maximum therapeutic effect.

The most effective method of treatment is nasal/oral inhalation. Take the contents of three ampoules and dilute them in ten milliliters of water heated to 37 degrees (for one-time use). It is recommended to carry out the procedures twice a day with a break of two hours.

To carry out instillation or spraying of the solution, dissolve 1 ampoule in 2 milliliters of water, followed by instillation of 5k/3 or 6r/day/2-3 days into each passage of the nose.

For prevention of influenza in childhood: 5k/2r/d/;

When the disease begins: 5k/6r/day/every 1 or 2 hours.

Interferon solution can be dropped into the eyes if necessary.

Interferon during pregnancy

During pregnancy, Interferon is not prescribed for use except in cases where a woman urgently needs to take the drug. The same applies to the prescription for a woman who is breastfeeding. If treatment is necessary, feeding should be stopped and the child switched to artificial feeding.

Interferon for children

It is not recommended to use it for a long time for children to avoid the addictive effect. The use of the drug for this category of patients is recommended in the treatment of such ailments as:

• diseases of an inflammatory-infectious nature of the respiratory system;
• chronic viral hepatitis;
• meningitis;
• childhood viral infections, for example, mumps or chickenpox;
• sepsis.

The drug is also effectively used for those children who are often exposed to infectious diseases of the respiratory tract as a means of rehabilitation.

Interferon nasal drops are mainly used for children.

For infants, rectal suppositories are more often used.

Compound

Injection:

• The syringe pen contains - 10 million ME, 18 million ME, 25 million ME.
• One bottle contains - 10 million ME, 18 million ME, 25 million ME.
• One dose contains - 3 million ME, 5 million ME, 10 million ME. Human recombinant interferon alpha-2b.
• Rectal suppositories contain - 150,000 ME, 500,000 ME.

Lyophilized powder for injection:

• One bottle contains - 3 million ME, 5 million ME, 10 million ME, 30 million ME. Recombinant interferon alpha-2b.

Interaction with other tools

Tablets and other forms of release are not used in complex treatment with corticosteroid drugs. If you take two medications at the same time, adverse reactions may occur.

Also, tablets are not prescribed together with cytostams. Otherwise, it may lead to an additive effect.

Other combinations of complex therapy are prescribed by the doctor, based on the main pharmacological spectrum of action and the composition of the drug. additional information

Interferon must be stored in a dry place, out of direct sunlight, and out of the reach of children. This drug is sold strictly according to a prescription and is stored on List B. Since the tablets have a wide spectrum of action, they are not combined with all drugs in complex treatment, as well as a wide list of contraindications. Please note that the storage temperature of the tablet product should be in the range from +2 to +8°C.

Pharmacological properties

The drug is synthesized by bacterial cells of the Escherichia coli strain SG-20050/pIF16, in the genetic apparatus of which the human interferon alpha-2b gene is integrated. The drug is a protein containing 165 amino acids, the protein is similar in its characteristics and properties to human recombinant leukocyte interferon alpha-2b.

An antiviral effect can be noted during virus reproduction, at which time the drug is actively involved in the metabolic processes of cells.

Reacting with specific receptors on the surface of cells, Interferon initiates a number of intracellular changes, including the production of specific enzymes and cytokines, the action of which slows down the synthesis of viral ribonucleic acid in the cell and viral protein.

Interferon suppresses the proliferation of tumor cells and the formation of certain oncogenes, which can stop the growth of tumors.

Interferon 2a recombinant is a sterile and highly purified protein that contains 165 amino acids. The drug is similar to human leukocyte interferon alpha-2a. The medicine has antiviral, antitumor and immunomodulatory properties.

The maximum concentration can be determined within a few hours after administration or administration. Traces of the drug will disappear in the blood within a day. The concentration of the drug in the blood serum depends only on the amount of the drug administered and the frequency of its administration. Metabolism occurs in the liver and is excreted through the kidneys, partly unchanged.

Interferon is used effectively not only in adults, but also in childhood.

Special instructions and precautions

Interferon is not always safe. It is required to take it with caution in some cases. The risk group traditionally includes women during pregnancy and lactation, children and the elderly. Their immunity is weakened and cannot effectively fight diseases.

In patients with polymorphism in the interleukin 28 beta gene of the cytokine receptor class, which is responsible for encoding interferon λ-3, the effectiveness of treatment may be reduced. At the same time, in patients with normal alleles of this gene, a pronounced stable result is achieved.

Drug interactions

Interferon is often used with other drugs to make treatment more effective. Good results are achieved when combined with glucocorticosteroid and adrenocorticotropic hormones.

The simultaneous use of Interferon with myelosuppressive medications, including cytostatics, is not recommended. Co-administration is characterized by additivity, when the total effect is better than the results of monotherapy, but worse than if the drugs were taken separately.

Combined use with Telbivudine is prohibited, as this mutually enhances the effect on HIV infection.

Take Interferon with caution with substances whose clearance depends on the cytochrome P450 system. These are antidepressants and medications that relieve epilepsy.

Combination therapy with Phosphazide increases the myelotoxicity of both drugs. During treatment, it is necessary to monitor the level of hemoglobin and granulocytes.

Use during pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy and breastfeeding are relative contraindications for the use of Interferon. The active ingredients easily penetrate into mother's milk and pass through the placental barrier. Therefore, the physician must consider the potential risks and possible benefits when choosing this drug.

During treatment with interferon drugs, it is recommended to take a break from breastfeeding. To mitigate side effects, paracetamol is prescribed at the same time.

Prescription in childhood

Children are not given injections. They are prescribed treatment with interferon drugs in the form of suppositories, drops and ointments. Children under three years of age are allowed instillation into the nose and irrigation of the mucous membrane, and later - inhalation.

The medicine is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. To prevent viral infections, a solution is prepared - the contents of the ampoule are diluted with distilled or boiled water. It is dropped into the nose or inhaled. This method of preventing infection is also recommended for adults.

Indications for use

Interferon is used not only for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections, but also for their prevention. Interferon Alpha is actively prescribed for the treatment of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, Galoshi's sarcoma, kidney and bladder cancer, herpes zoster, melanoma and for patients with AIDS.

1. Interferon in the form of a suppository is actively used to treat hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
2. Rectal suppositories of the drug are prescribed for the treatment of acute hepatitis B in children aged 2 to 12 years.
3. Drops in the nose or eyes are prescribed at any age to prevent influenza or colds, conjunctivitis, keratitis and other things.

Interferon for children

According to the instructions, interferon preparations are indicated for children:

• for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system;
• with meningitis;
• for sepsis;
• for the treatment of childhood viral infections (for example, mumps or chickenpox);
• for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.

IFN is also used in therapy, the purpose of which is the rehabilitation of children who often suffer from respiratory infections.

The most optimal option for children is nasal drops: when used in this way, interferon does not penetrate the gastrointestinal tract (before diluting the drug for the nose, the water should be heated to a temperature of 37°C).

For infants, the instructions recommend the use of interferon for various types of infectious diseases, including diseases of the respiratory system and intrauterine infections.

For infants, interferon is prescribed in the form of suppositories (150 thousand IU). Suppositories for children should be administered one at a time 2 times a day, maintaining 12-hour intervals between administrations. The course of treatment is 5 days. To completely cure ARVI in a child, as a rule, one course is enough.

For preventive purposes, ointment is recommended. It is necessary to lubricate the child’s nose twice a day every 12 hours.

For treatment, you should take 0.5 g of ointment twice a day. Treatment lasts on average 2 weeks. Over the next 2-4 weeks, the ointment is used 3 times a week.

Numerous positive reviews of the drug indicate that in this dosage form it has also established itself as an effective remedy for the treatment of stomatitis and inflamed tonsils. Interferon inhalations for children are no less effective.

The effect of using the drug increases significantly if a nebulizer is used to administer it (it is necessary to use a device that sprays particles with a diameter of more than 5 microns). Inhalations through a nebulizer have their own specifics.

First, interferon must be inhaled through the nose. Secondly, before using the device, you must turn off the heating function (IFN is a protein; at temperatures above 37°C it is destroyed).

For inhalation in a nebulizer, the contents of one ampoule are diluted in 2-3 ml of distilled or mineral water (saline solution can also be used for these purposes). The resulting volume is enough for one procedure. The frequency of procedures during the day is from 2 to 4.

It is important to remember that long-term treatment of children with interferon is not recommended, since addiction develops to it and, therefore, the expected effect does not develop

Directions for use and doses

Interferon Alpha, the instructions for use of which indicate that the drug can be administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously, into the affected area, orally, by dripping into the eyes or nose. The purpose, form of the drug and dosage should be prescribed by a specialist only on an individual basis, taking into account the patient’s condition, disease and age category of the patient.

Interferon is often supplied as a powder that is tightly sealed in a glass ampoule. This powder is diluted with water for injection, which often comes with the powder. For intramuscular administration, 1 ml of water is sufficient to dilute the powder; for local use and subconjunctival administration, 5 ml of water is required.

The solution turns out completely transparent; there should be no inclusions or sediment in it. The powder dissolves in no longer than 5 minutes. The solution is used immediately and cannot be stored.

Intramuscular injection is carried out into the deltoid muscle, quadriceps femoris muscle. More often than others, an intramuscular injection is placed in the outer upper gluteal quadrant. The needle usually needs to be inserted to a depth of about 3 cm, but everything is determined individually.

Hepatitis C therapy is carried out in combination, using Interferon in combination with Ribavirin.

Subcutaneous administration should be carried out in places that are rich in fatty tissue. Such places may be the area under the shoulder blade, the side of the abdomen, the side and front surface of the thigh. The needle is inserted to a depth of 15 mm and the solution is slowly injected. Subcutaneous tissue has a good blood supply, which ensures rapid entry of the drug into the blood.

When treating the complex of Interferon and Ribavirin, it is necessary to constantly monitor liver parameters ALT and AST, as well as thyroid parameters and blood parameters.

Subconjunctival injection is performed under the ocular conjunctiva. When instilled, the drug is quickly washed out by tear fluid. For this reason, for some eye diseases, an injection under the conjunctiva is performed. The manipulation can only be carried out by a specialist.

Instructions and dosage of Interferon

The medication is sprayed or dripped into the nasal passages. When prescribing a lyophilisate (dry preparation), it must first be diluted with a solvent, which can be water for injection or saline solution (sodium chloride 0.9%). Each ampoule has a special mark, to the level of which you need to add solvent. The finished product is transparent or slightly yellowish in color. The ampoule or bottle with the prepared solution is opened immediately before instillation or spraying.

Read more Dioxidin - instructions for using nasal drops

If the drug is used in a bottle, then a spray or dispenser attachment is included in the package. The drug is dripped from the ampoules using a regular pipette. The dosage and duration of use of the drug should be determined by the doctor depending on the indications, the person’s condition and age category, as well as the form of the drug.

Before use, it is necessary to clear the nasal passages of crusts and mucus. Adults need to blow their nose; children can rinse their nose with saline solution or special preparations for rinsing the nasal cavity, or remove mucus with a children's aspirator (pear). Before the procedure, lie down and tilt your head slightly back; after instillation, it is advisable to lie down for 3-5 minutes. To distribute the medicine evenly along the walls of the nasal cavity, it is recommended to lightly press the wings of the nose from the outside with your fingers.

Use in adults

If the drug is prescribed for prophylactic purposes, its dosage is 5 drops in each nasal passage, repeated instillations every 6 hours. For therapeutic purposes, 5 drops are instilled every 2 hours. Duration of use of drops is up to 5 days.

Use in childhood

The exact dosage for children should be selected by a pediatrician. In order to prevent and treat ARVI, infants are given 2-3 drops every 2 hours, the maximum number of instillations per day is 5 times.

For preventive purposes during influenza epidemics and therapeutic purposes for viral infections, children are instilled with 5 drops 2 times a day. There should be an interval of at least 6 hours between procedures. If it is not possible to drip drops into a newborn, you can apply 2-3 drops to a cotton swab and insert it into the nasal passages for 2-3 minutes. But this must be done carefully; you cannot push the turunda deep into the nose.

Pregnancy and lactation

During pregnancy, Interferon is prescribed extremely rarely, especially in the 1st and 2nd trimesters. It is used only in cases where the expected benefit to the woman is higher than the possible risk to the fetus.

If treatment with this drug occurs during breastfeeding, it is advisable to stop breastfeeding before it ends. During this period, the child is transferred to artificial feeding; to maintain lactation, breast milk must be expressed.

Use in old age

Persons over 65 years of age can use the drug, but only after consulting a doctor, so the dosage can be selected individually for this age category.

Inhalations with Interferon

To increase the effectiveness of the drug, it can be used through inhalation, but this can only be done for children over three years old; children younger than this age are strictly prohibited from performing the procedure. For inhalation, you can use a nebulizer or a regular inhaler for adults or a special one for children. To perform one procedure, 10 ml of saline solution and three ampoules of Interferon are needed. You can breathe through your nose or mouth. The duration of inhalations is determined by the doctor; they can be performed no more than 2 times a day. In case of severe nasal congestion, first rinse it or drip drops for a runny nose 5-10 minutes before.

Read more Instructions for using Espumisan baby drops for newborns

Contraindications

Interferon in any form should not be prescribed to patients with:

1. severe heart pathologies;
2. disorders of the kidneys, liver and nervous system;
3. epilepsy;
4. liver cirrhosis;
5. hepatitis of an autoimmune and chronic nature;
6. pathologies of the thyroid gland;
7. hypersensitivity to components.

Side effects

Unfortunately, Interferon often causes side effects. The use of the drug most often provokes:

• anorexia;
• chills;
• shiver;
• nausea, less often – vomiting.

Such manifestations are rarely recorded;

• lethargy, drowsiness, other asthenic symptoms;
• loss of concentration, confusion;
• irritability;
• insomnia or difficulty falling asleep;
• depressed state, depression, suicidal thoughts;
• general malaise, “flu-like” condition;
• dry mucous membranes in the mouth;
• hair loss;
• pain in the back, muscles;
• temporary disruption of taste buds;
• decrease in blood pressure.

In isolated cases the following are recorded:

• epigastric pain, problems with stool, other dyspeptic symptoms;
• weight loss;
• increased appetite;
• increased concentration of uric acid in the blood, impaired renal function, renal failure;
• elevated temperature;
• breathing problems, feeling of lack of air, infiltration processes in the lungs;
• cramps in the arms and legs;
• tachycardia, peripheral vascular ischemia;
• skin rash;
• dry skin;
• bleeding gums;
• itching and cutting sensations in the eyes, decreased clarity of vision;
• decrease and loss of hearing;
• increased or decreased salivation;
• secondary viral infection;
• endocrine disorders - hyper- and hypothyroidism;
• neuropathy;
• anxiety, unstable mood;
• psychotic symptoms – hallucinations, aggressiveness.

In women, disruption of the menstrual cycle and reproductive function is possible due to a decrease in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the blood. Women and men taking interferon drugs are advised to refrain from conceiving.

Side properties

The following side effects were noted during therapy:

• headache;
• muscle pain;
• lethargy;
• fever;
• dry mouth;
• periodic vomiting;
• increased sweating;
• loss of appetite with weight loss;
• diarrhea;
• constipation;
• bloating;
• liver dysfunction;
• hepatitis.

The active substance of the drug often causes the patient to experience sleep disturbances, decreased vision, mild depression, skin rash and unbearable itching, dizziness, irritability, etc.

Possible side effects

headache 37 – 38.5ºJoint pain Interferon can lead to the following adverse reactions:

• disorders of the digestive tract;
• disorders of the nervous system;
• allergic manifestations;
• disorders of the cardiovascular system;
• disorders of the hematopoietic system;
• disorders of the upper and lower respiratory tract.

Digestive tract disorders

The following side effects may occur from the digestive system:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• constipation;
• abdominal pain.

biochemical blood tests; enzymes involved in the transformation of certain amino acids

Nervous system disorders

brain and spinal cordThe following side effects may be observed from the nervous system:

• depression;
• anxiety;
• headache;
• migraine;
• dizziness;
• insomnia;
• disturbance of consciousness;
• suicidal thoughts (rare);
• hallucinations (very rare).

tinnitus nitusconjunctivitisphotophobia

Allergic manifestations

allergen hypersensitivity reaction rash Taking interferon can lead to the following allergic manifestations:

• hives;
• erythema;
• Quincke's edema;
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome;
• toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome).

Skin urticariaErythema Quincke's edema subcutaneous fatty tissuelips, eyelids, cheeks, and oral cavitycoma Stevens-Johnson syndrome eyes, pharynx, oral cavityTemperatureToxic epidermal necrolysis scarlet fever

Disorders of the hematopoietic system

• anemia;
• thrombocytopenia;
• leukopenia.

Anemia of erythrocytes, red blood cells, hemoglobin, a protein that is involved in the transport of gases, changes in taste habits, addiction to unpleasant odors, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, fainting, thrombocytopenia, platelets, coagulation, bleeding of the gums, bleeding in the brain, leukopenia of leukocytes, hypertrophy,

Upper and lower respiratory tract disorders

cough and shortness of breath Interferon can also lead to the following respiratory diseases (rare):

• sinusitis;
• pneumonia.

Sinusitis influenza thick maxillary Pneumonia structural and functional elements of the lung in which the process of gas exchange occurs inflammation of several alveoli inflammatory process within one segment of the lung damage to one lobe of the lung pneumonia involvement of both lungs in the process appears when inflammatory fluid accumulates in the alveoli respiratory failure

Drug interactions

Since interferons inhibit oxidative metabolism in the liver, the biotransformation of drugs that are metabolized in this way is likely to be impaired.

1. When used simultaneously with ACE inhibitors, synergism in terms of hematotoxicity is possible.
2. Use with zidovudine - synergism with respect to myelotoxic action.
3. Simultaneous use with paracetamol may increase the activity of liver enzymes.
4. If used with theophylline, the clearance of theophylline may be reduced.

What is interferon

Interferon first became known thanks to scientists at the London National Institute of Virology. His employees named Isaac and Lindeman conducted experiments on mice.

During experiments, scientists noticed that:

• in some mice the virus actively multiplies,
• In approximately 37% of rodents, the pathogen does not multiply en masse.

When scientists figured out the reason for the variable behavior of viruses in the bodies of different mice, the pattern was called interference. It is from this word that the concept interferon is derived.

Interferons are substances of protein nature, the protective mechanisms of which have a positive effect on the human body. The effect of the compounds begins from the moment pathogens enter the body. The installation of an invisible barrier by interferons helps prevent the virus from entering healthy cells and tissues. This strengthens the immune system. It was thanks to her that about 30% of experimental mice did not become infected. In others, the immune system did not produce enough interferon.

Analogs

Currently, there are many drugs based on various interferons. Interferons can be of domestic or foreign production, but their degree of effectiveness is almost the same. The only difference will be in protein purification, hence the different cost of the drugs. Analogues of Interferon Alpha can be represented by the following list:

• Alfarekin;
• Intron A;
• Interferon alpha preparations;
• Roferon;
• Nazoferon;
• Wellferon;
• Human leukocyte interferon.

Ointments with interferon: scope of application

These drugs are external, that is, drugs that are applied to the skin or mucous membrane. The effect of such a drug occurs on a limited surface, where it is applied. In other words, this dosage form is a local therapy drug. Like any medicine, interferon-based ointment is included in the register of medicines. The drugs included in the register have undergone the full range of studies and are approved by the Russian Ministry of Health for medical use. In what cases do doctors prescribe ointments containing this protein? As a rule, in cases where viruses of various origins are localized on human skin, creating a rash, neoplasms and other, including cosmetic, skin defects:

• herpetic infection,
• warts,
• papillomavirus,
• condylomas and so on.

To relieve the severity of inflammation and to prevent further spread of infection, as well as to fight viruses, it is recommended to apply the drug to the affected areas. How to choose the right medicine? When considering certain medications based on interferon, you need to pay attention to the dosage of the active substance in IU so that it corresponds to the dosage prescribed by the doctor, and, in addition, carefully read the instructions, especially the section that indicates age or other contraindications and restrictions for patients . It is worth paying attention to what is included in the drug, except for interferon. For example, one of the components of the drug VIFERON Ointment is peach oil. The composition of peach seed oil is surprisingly balanced. This is one of the rare oils, almost 40% of the vitamin content in which is vitamins PP and A, supplemented with ascorbic acid and vitamins E and B. Almost two-thirds of the fatty acid composition is oleic acid, another third is linoleic acid. These acids have wound healing and moisturizing properties. Peach oil has also been found to have antioxidant properties, which are known to help relieve symptoms of inflammation.

It must be remembered that there are medications that cannot be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and there are also medications that are not recommended for children under a certain age. But there are others, for example, VIFERON Ointment, which are allowed for children from one year old, as well as for pregnant and lactating women.

Determination of interferon

This is the name given to a group of compounds of protein origin. They are produced by cells that are infected with viral pathogens.

Interferon substances belong to the factors of a nonspecific protective mechanism in the body against bacterial, chlamydial, pathogenic fungal infections, and tumor cellular structures. They also play the role of regulators of intercellular interaction of systemic immunity. They are also called immunomodulators of endogenous nature.

There are several forms of human interferon substances: leukocyte, or a-interferon, fibroblast, or b-interferon, and immune, or g-interferon.

The mechanism of their work begins with the binding of proteins and receptors of a specific nature in cells. With this interaction, protein molecules within three dozen are synthesized. With the help of regulatory peptides, the activity of T-type lymphocytes and macrophage structures is stimulated, viruses are prevented from entering through the cell membrane and their reproduction. They are the ones that provide the protective properties.

Natural inducers of interferon are viral cells that have penetrated a living organism. They are strong and weak stimulators of protective protein production. Most causative agents of serious diseases are poor inducers. These include cytomegalovirus and HIV infection, herpes, hepatitis forms C and B. But many pathogenic microorganisms that cause respiratory viral diseases are considered strong stimulators of the production of protective proteins.

Treatment regimen

general information

Interferon and other drugs are included in the pharmacological group of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs. Interferon also has antiproliferative and antitumor effects.

Thanks to all these actions, Interferon is a preventive and therapeutic drug, active against infectious viral diseases.

It is especially often prescribed as a prophylactic agent for children and people with reduced immunity during epidemics of influenza and other respiratory diseases caused by viruses. This allows you to protect the body from the penetration of viruses or alleviate the condition and speed up recovery without developing complications.

The instructions for Interferon indicate that it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis, both as a single drug and in combination with other antiviral agents, for example, Ribavirin.

Interferon is actively used in complex therapy of oncological diseases: melanomas, endocrine tumors of the pancreas, liver cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, myeloma and others. The drug is also prescribed for certain blood diseases, rheumatoid pathologies, eye lesions and other diseases that require increased immunity.

The drug Interferon is available in the form of a powder or lyophilisate, packaged in glass ampoules. This release form is used for the preparation of injections and drops for eye and nasal use.

Mechanism of action of interferon

But there are other forms of release for various uses: external ointments and gels, rectal and vaginal suppositories, films for the eyes, microenemas, implants, drops, sprays, tablets. For nasal use, diluted lyophilisate is suitable, as well as drops and sprays produced under various trade names: Grippferon, Ingaron, Nazoferon, Laferon and others.

Before use, the lyophilisate must be diluted and used for its intended purpose: for nasal instillation, inhalation, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection.

What interferon preparations are currently used?

Lymphoblastoid:

• "Reaferon" is used for viral hepatitis, leukemia, malignant tumors in the kidneys and condylomatosis.
• "Wellferon" is similar in action to "Reaferon". Prescribed for tumor and viral pathologies.

Recombinant interferons:

• "Roferon".
• "Viferon".
• "Laferobion".
• "Realdiron."
• "Genferon."
• "Grippferon".
• "Ingaron".

Almost all recombinant drugs are used to treat viral diseases; they are also prescribed in the complex therapy of cancer, herpes zoster, herpetic infections and multiple sclerosis.

The above-described drugs are produced in the forms of solutions for injections, drops for the eyes and nose, and ointments.

“Interferon” in the nose, according to reviews, can be purchased at any pharmacy.

Composition of the drug and pharmacological action

Interferon spray or drops have almost the same composition. As for the drops, they are produced in the form of a solution in liquid form. The drug has several spectrums of action, namely antiviral, as well as immunomodulatory. Instructions for use indicate that the drug may have an antitumor effect, as it helps stimulate macrophages.

Interferon drops in the nose help to significantly increase the resistance of the human body directly to the penetration of harmful viruses. In addition, if used correctly, the drug helps block the reproduction of viruses.

Therapy of viral diseases

The drug "Amiksin" belongs to the interferon inducers of the low-molecular-weight fluoreon class. With its participation, all types of protective proteins are formed, the level of which reaches its highest value in the plasma a day after using the medication.

The medicine has a wide range of antiviral effects. In addition to respiratory diseases, it is used for hepatitis C and B of acute and chronic forms, recurrent genital herpes, cytomegalovirus and chlamydia infections.

Many antiviral drugs are interferon inducers, and Neovir is no exception. With its participation, a large amount of protective protein is produced, especially of the fibroblast type, which explains the immunomodulatory, antitumor and antiviral effects of this medication. The drug "Neovir" treats encephalitis, hepatitis C and B, urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis caused by chlamydia.

Another similar inducer of low molecular weight protective protein is the drug “Cycloferon”, for the synthesis of which carboxymethylene acridone methylglucamine salt is used. With its participation, alpha interferon is formed, the content of which in the lymphoid tissue remains for three days.

In T and B type lymphocytes and macrophages, protective protein is formed, stem structures in the bone marrow are activated, and the production of granulocyte units is stimulated. The medicine is used for tick-borne encephalitis, herpes, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus and papillomas.

In addition to the antiviral effect, the drug is active in acute and chronic bacterial chlamydia, erysipelas, bronchitis, postoperative complications, genitourinary infections, and ulcerative lesions.

The drug Lavomax has appeared on the pharmaceutical market; it is produced by the Nizhpharm enterprise. It has an immunomodulatory effect, the ability to induce interferons, and a wide range of antiviral effects.

Lavomax tablets contain 125 mg of tilorone as an active compound. The drug is an analogue of the drug "Amiksin". Its activity is aimed at stimulating the production of three types of interferon in T lymphocytes, hepatocytes, and epithelial cells of the intestinal wall.

The immunomodulatory effect occurs due to the restoration of the balance between immunocompetent cells and the normalization of antibody production. The mechanism of antiviral activity is based on inhibition of the synthesis of virus-specific proteins in infected areas of the body. This disrupts their further reproduction.

The drug successfully treats influenza, respiratory diseases, viral hepatitis and herpes rashes.

Interferons and their principle of action

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytcopyright

When pathogenic viruses enter the body, they begin to actively reproduce. The cellular structure affected by these viruses begins to synthesize interferons, which begin to act inside the cell, and then leave it and transmit information to neighboring cells. Unfortunately, interferon cannot completely destroy viruses; its mechanism of action is based on preventing the movement and active reproduction of viral particles.

According to reviews, Interferon is an excellent drug. It has the following mechanism of action:

• actively inhibits the processes of reproduction of viral particles;
• activates the cellular enzymes ribonuclease-L and protein kinase-R, which delay the synthesis of viral proteins, and also separate RNA into parts in cells (including in viral cells);
• activates the production of the p53 protein, which causes the death of the infected cell.

In addition to their inhibitory effect on the reproduction of viral particles, interferons activate the body's immune responses. This activation of cell enzymes leads to stimulation of protective blood cells (macrophages, T-helper cells, killer cells).

Interferons are very aggressive and active. Often, just one particle can make a cell more resistant to the effects of viral bodies, as well as reduce their reproduction by 50%.

Interferons also have a concomitant effect of suppressing cancer cells.

According to reviews, doctors often prescribe Interferon for the nose of children during colds.

Advantages of the rectal form of IFN in terms of pharmacokinetic parameters

Being proteins, IFNs are destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, so parenteral remained the predominant route of administration for quite a long time. When administered intramuscularly and subcutaneously, the bioavailability is 80%, the maximum concentration in the blood is achieved on average after 3.8 hours. It was found that with intravenous drip administration of 6–9 million IU of IFNα2b (Reaferon) within 1 hour, IFN was determined in the blood serum already after 30 minutes from the start of administration [6]. After 2.5 hours, IFN titers decreased by 50%; after 4 hours, only trace amounts were detected. The kidneys are known to clear IFN at a rate of at least 2% per minute, thus clearing the plasma pool occurs in less than an hour. The administration of large doses of IFN to help overcome these rapid losses is limited by the toxic threshold of the drug's action on the central nervous system, as well as suppression of the immune system. When administered intramuscularly, IFN enters the systemic circulation through capillaries; the level of IFN in plasma decreases more slowly compared to intravenous administration. When administered intramuscularly, an increased level of IFN in plasma is recorded in the period from 1 to 6 hours, a decrease to the initial level is determined 12 hours after administration of the drug.

In an experimental study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of recombinant IFNα2b with antioxidants (vitamins E and C) (VIFERON®) in newborns and mature rabbits, it was shown that the administration of IFN in the form of suppositories into the rectum leads not only to a high content of the drug in the blood plasma, but also more long-term circulation of high concentrations of IFN than when administered through a catheter (Table 2) [7].

Calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the relative bioavailability when administering VIFERON® rectally in the form of suppositories at a dose of 150,000 IU to newborn animals is 1.5 compared to administering the same dose of IFN to animals through a catheter. In mature rabbits, the relative bioavailability when VIFERON® is administered rectally at a dose of 150,000 IU is 1.23 compared to the same dose administered to animals through a catheter (Table 3).

Thus, a comparative analysis of the main pharmacokinetic parameters of recombinant IFNα2b with antioxidants, characterizing the bioefficacy of the drug, showed that its use in the form of rectal suppositories has a significant advantage over administration via a catheter.

Interesting data were obtained when studying the therapeutic effectiveness of lymphoblastic IFNα in the form of rectal suppositories in 28 patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. The authors showed that the administration of low doses (1000 IU) of IFN for 4 weeks helped reduce the level of hepatitis C virus RNA from 5.65 ±0.18 to 5.17±0.7.65 Log IU/ml (p=0.01), an increase in the activity of 2'-5'oligoadenylate synthetase and a significant decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio, which led to the conclusion that rectal The method of administering IFN is safe and effective and can be considered as an alternative to the intravenous route [8].
Table 2. Dynamics of the concentration of recombinant IFNα-2b with antioxidants in the blood plasma of newborn and adult rabbits with different methods of administration

Table 3. Main pharmacokinetic parameters of recombinant IFNα-2b with antioxidants for different routes of administration to newborn and adult rabbits

Interferon inducers (drugs): what are they?

This is usually the name given to drugs in the class of synthetic immunomodulators. They are produced by pharmaceutical companies. Interferon inducers (drugs) are classified as a large class of compounds with different chemical structures. The active component can be a low- or high-molecular substance, synthetic or natural origin. They are united by a common property that allows them to induce their own or endogenous interferon in the body’s cells. Such drugs can exhibit antiviral and immunomodulatory effects.

Immunomodulatory effect of antioxidant vitamins

There are a number of fundamental studies that confirm the immunomodulatory activity of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid increases the number of lymphocytes, chemotaxis and activity of neutrophil leukocytes, increases the production of IFN, stimulates macrophages, and enhances their production of highly active forms and compounds of oxygen [13, 14]. Experiments have shown that at a dosage of 500 mg to 3 g per day, ascorbic acid accelerates the division of lymphocytes in response to external aggression of viruses. Also, a number of studies have revealed that vitamin C is concentrated in neutrophils, which take part in the destruction of infection carriers with the help of free radicals, while the neutrophils themselves, containing ascorbic acid, are protected from the damaging effects of free radicals [15]. In other studies devoted to the study of the effect of ascorbic acid on the course and prognosis of respiratory infections, it was shown that taking vitamin C more than 1 g / day does not affect the frequency of colds, but reduces the duration and severity of clinical symptoms, which, of course, is important economic significance [16]. In experimental studies conducted by Y. Kim et al., the effect of vitamin C on antiviral protection in mice infected intranasally with influenza A virus (H3N2/1/68/Hong Kong) was studied [14]. The mice were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 – wild mice capable of producing vitamin C on their own; Group 2 - mice in which the enzyme L-gulonoγ-lactone oxidasel (Gulo), necessary for the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid, was inactivated, and who received a drinking solution of vitamin C at a dose of 3.3 g/l for 3 weeks; Group 3 – mice (Gulo) that did not receive ascorbic acid. When analyzing the results of the study, a sharp increase in the blood of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1α, IL1β, TNFα was found in mice of the 3rd group. It is a known fact that pro-inflammatory cytokines are responsible for the body’s universal response to the introduction of a pathogen, and excessive production of these cytokines entails severe tissue damage with the subsequent development of necrosis. Scientists concluded that vitamin C is an important factor for the implementation of the immune response at the early stage of viral infection, and maintaining a sufficient level of ascorbic acid in plasma can effectively prevent the development of influenza virus in natural conditions at the initial stage of viral infection [17].

Vitamin E, along with being a classic antioxidant, has an immunostimulating effect, enhancing signal transmission to activate immunocompetent cells during the immune response. In particular, it potentiates signals for the production of IL2 and IFN by CD4+ lymphocytes, and prevents the formation of bonds between low molecular weight compounds with body proteins in the liver and blood. As a result, the enlargement of immune complexes and damaging molecules is inhibited. This effect is obviously due to the antioxidant properties of the drug. In immunodeficiencies, vitamin E helps protect Ti B lymphocytes from the inhibitory effects of free radicals, and, as a result, normalizes the activity of the immune system [18].

Employees of the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (Finland), as part of an analysis of the results of the AlphaTocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, conducted a study of the frequency of colds in 21,796 male smokers. Among people 65 years of age and older, the incidence of colds was slightly lower when taking vitamin E; this reduction was greatest among older city residents who smoked fewer than 15 cigarettes per day [19].

There are publications in the literature confirming the effectiveness of taking vitamin-mineral complexes to reduce the risk of acute respiratory viral infections [20]. It was shown that among people who took dietary supplements with vitamin E, the incidence of infections was 30% lower. Since the level of morbidity and mortality from infections and tumor processes increases with age, a number of researchers indicate in their works the need to take vitamin E in older people in order to improve the overall immune response [21, 22].

Thus, it has been shown that the use of complexes containing antioxidant vitamins to activate nonspecific immunity is more effective than taking individual components.

Description and composition

If the drug is produced in ampoules, then it is a white or light yellow to pink porous amorphous mass or powder, which is hygroscopic.

The ready-made solution of Interferon in a bottle produced by Biomed Krasnogorsk is a white transparent liquid.

As an active ingredient, they contain interferon alpha at least 1000 IU. The medication is a group of proteins (alpha interferons) that are formed by leukocytes of healthy volunteers under the influence of an interferon-inducing virus and are purified by micro- and ultrafiltration. The drug does not contain preservatives and antibiotics, antibodies to HIV 1 and 2, hepatitis C virus, surface antigens of hepatitis B viruses.

Effect of the drug

Under the generalized concept lies interferon, one of the human proteins that is produced by the body as a result of the damaging effects of bacteria.

It interacts with pathogenic microflora and blocks its reproduction. Due to the fact that the child’s body does not yet function fully or produces insufficient quantities of this protein, drugs based on it are widely used in medical practice.

The main functions of interferon in the body include:

1. Production of substances that help suppress the further development of viruses.
2. Creation of unfavorable conditions in cells for their reproduction.

The main effect of Interferon in ampoules includes slowing down or blocking the synthesis of proteins important for the further development of viruses. The drug actively affects the body even with complete cell damage.

Interferon plays an indirect role in suppressing viruses at the initial stage of the disease. It remains powerless at the stage of penetration into the cell. The components of the drug promote the production of antiviral enzymes in the body, which plays a major role in suppressing pathogenic microflora.

Interferon-based nasal drops

Contents [Show]

Viruses lie in wait for humans everywhere at any time of the year, therefore, to prevent the development of acute respiratory viral infections or combat them, antiviral drugs and, in particular, Interferon nasal drops are often used.

But it is impossible to find a medicine in such a dosage form with exactly this name.

This is explained by the fact that, under the name Human Leukocyte Interferon, on pharmacy shelves there is a powder or lyophilisate for preparing a solution, packaged in ampoules.

It can be diluted and instilled into the nasal passages, or you can immediately purchase drugs in the form of interferon-based drops or spray.

What is Interferon: indications for use Interferons are substances of protein origin produced by the cells of the human body in response to the penetration of viruses.

They prevent the proliferation of viruses, their further spread and help activate the body’s synthesis of special cells that destroy viral particles.

There are several types of this substance, but alpha interferon is mainly synthesized by the pharmaceutical industry. It helps in every possible way to prevent viral diseases and speeds up recovery if infection does occur.

Therefore, medications based on it are widely prescribed for:

• ARVI;
• flu;
• rhinitis of viral origin;
• herpetic lesions of the mucous membranes or skin around the nostrils, etc.

They can also be used to prevent the occurrence of complications and the addition of a bacterial infection during a prolonged or severe course of ARVI.

But it should be noted that the use of drugs of this kind is practiced only in the vast expanses of post-Soviet countries, although their effectiveness has been confirmed by research.

What effect does the drug have?

It has a large list of pharmaceutical actions, including:

• anti-inflammatory;
• immunomodulatory;
• immunostimulating;
• antitumor;
• bacteriostatic.

But still, its main positive property is its antiviral effect. It is most advisable to use interferon in the nose for preventive purposes in the midst of epidemics or in the initial stages of the development of the disease. Source: nasmorkam.net Today, the pharmaceutical market offers many interferon-based drugs in the following forms:

• powder for preparing a solution for local use (strictly prohibited for parenteral, that is, intravenous, intramuscular, etc., administration);
• nasal drops and spray;
• ointment;
• candles.

It is impossible to say unequivocally which form of release is better, since each of them has its own characteristics and advantages. However, powder and nasal drops or sprays are most often used for colds.

Contraindications and side effects

The medication is absolutely safe, since it is a natural compound for the human body, produced during various viral infections. Therefore, it can be used with virtually no restrictions, which is why it is sold over-the-counter from pharmacies.

But for a number of pathologies, its use is permitted only as prescribed by a doctor. This:

• severe diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system;
• disorders of the liver and kidneys;
• acute allergies;
• pathologies of the thyroid gland;
• hypersensitivity to components.

Attention

Sometimes, while using the medication, patients experience an increase in body temperature and chills. But such a reaction of the body is normal, since this is how the fight against pathogenic microorganisms increases.

In rare cases, patients experience side effects such as:

• allergic reaction, in particular, the appearance of a skin rash, itching, etc.;
• short-term disturbances in the functioning of the heart, including arrhythmia and decreased blood pressure;
• dizziness, headaches and muscle pain;
• seizures;
• dyspepsia (nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea);
• sleep disorders.

However, when used topically, the risk of side effects is extremely low, since the active substance is not absorbed into the blood.

More often, this is the result of an overdose, but in any case, if similar reactions are observed in response to its administration, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Interferon: instructions for using nasal drops

Interferon powder for preparing nasal drops immediately before use must be dissolved with water for injection or regular boiled water (but not hot) to obtain 2 ml of solution.

For convenience and accuracy of dosing, each ampoule has a special mark up to which you need to add solvent.

The finished solution is transparent or has a slight yellowish tint. The dose and frequency of administration depends on the reason for its use and the age of the patient.

The method of using the finished preparations is described in the annotation for each of them, since each of them contains active ingredients in different concentrations.

But in any case, before administering the product, it is recommended to clear the nasal passages of mucus and crusts by rinsing the nose with any saline solution, for example, Humer, Aquamaris, Marimer, Physiomer, etc.

After administering the medication, it is recommended to lightly massage the wings of the nose from the outside to ensure uniform distribution of the product over the entire surface of the mucous membrane.

When using it, you should not resort to vasoconstrictor drops to avoid drying out the mucous membrane.

Name of nasal drops with interferon

In the form of a powder for preparing a solution or a ready-made solution, you can purchase:

1. Roferon-A;
2. Lafferon alpha;
3. Lipoferon;
4. Intron A, etc.

Medicines are also available in the form of drops and spray. Interferon drops are presented under the trade names:

1. Nazoferon (100,000 IU);
2. Grippferon (100,000 IU);
3. Laferon Nasal (200,000 IU).

Also

There is a drug called Ingaron, but it contains not alpha, but gamma interferon, to which various viral particles are not able to develop resistance, making it effective at any stage of the disease.

But since the drug has not undergone clinical trials on children, it is approved for use only for the treatment of children over 7 years of age and adults, with the exception of pregnant women.

For children over 1 year of age and adults, it is more convenient to use a nasal spray. In this form you can purchase:

• Nazoferon (100,000 IU);
• Genferon light (50,000 IU);
• Grippferon (100,000 IU).

All of the above drugs are obtained chemically, or rather biotechnologically, that is, they contain recombinant interferon.

While the powder ampoules contain human leukocyte interferon isolated from the blood of donors.

Therefore, allergic reactions are more often observed when the latter is administered, since it is extremely difficult to completely purify the substance from foreign impurities, in particular proteins.

Interferon nasal drops for children: how to use

How to drip for children depends on the goals pursued, the age of the patient and the type of medicine chosen. A solution prepared at home from lyophilisate is used as follows:

1. For preventive purposes, Interferon is administered into the nose of children 5 drops twice a day with a break of at least 6 hours. The duration of therapy is determined by the severity of the epidemiological situation.
2. For treatment, children are administered 5 drops of solution every 2 hours for 3 days.

When choosing ready-made medications, you must be guided by the instructions for it and administer a strictly defined amount to the child in order to exclude the possibility of developing side effects.

After all, each drug contains a different amount of active substance, so ignoring the instructions can lead to the development of undesirable consequences.

However, it is undesirable to use them especially for a long time or more than twice a year, since this is fraught with inhibition of the cells’ synthesis of their own interferons and, consequently, a decrease in natural protection.

For babies

Interferon-based products are also not contraindicated for babies of the first year. The solution prepared at home can be instilled directly into the nasal passages or use cotton swabs soaked in 2-3 drops of medicine.

The use of sprays to treat children under 1 year of age is prohibited to avoid the development of complications. Drops are allowed to be used in strict accordance with the instructions for them.

Interferon during pregnancy

Interferon for the nose can be used without fear during pregnancy. Regardless of whether it is the 1st trimester or the 3rd, the dosage of the drug remains the same and corresponds to the administration of 5 drops every 2 hours for therapeutic purposes and twice a day for preventive purposes.

However, before using it, it is recommended to consult a doctor about the advisability of using the drug and the need to take additional medications.

Storage conditions

The drugs are stored according to the manufacturer's recommendations. But since most of them are destroyed by high temperatures, it is usually recommended to store them on the refrigerator door. If nasal drops with interferon were prepared at home from powder, then the opened ampoule must be placed in the refrigerator. It can only be used for 24 hours, so to continue treatment, a new ampoule of the medicine is opened every day.

Analogs

There are many antiviral agents. The following are available in nasal form:

• Derinat;
• IRS-19;
• Euphorbium compositum and others.

The following are produced in the form of oral preparations:

• Ergoferon;
• Arbidol;
• Anaferon;
• Isoprinosine;
• Oscillococcinum and others

Antiviral agents are also available in the form of ointments and suppositories:

• Viferon;
• Oxolinic ointment;
• Grippferon.

Reviews

We have been saving ourselves with various drugs with interferon for the whole family for three years, and it must be said that the children are also getting sick, and we have become sick less often. We usually use drops during the cold season. Alexey, 35 years old

I am developing an allergy to Interferon, although I am not allergic. After its administration, itching and body aches occur, so I advise you to be careful, especially when taking it for the first time. Marina, 28 years old

Interferon helped me get rid of an incipient cold literally within a day. Work colleagues recommended it; at first I didn’t believe it, but still bought this cheap product. In the evening I diluted it and dropped it in, repeated it in the morning, and by the evening there was no need to repeat the procedure. Aleftina, 33 years old

When my daughter fell ill with ARVI for the 6th time in a year, the pediatrician recommended instilling interferon-based medications into the nasal passages as a preventive measure when the incidence rate increases at school. It helps well in mild cases, when “water” is simply leaking from the spout, but in more severe infections it has no effect. Ekaterina, 45 years old

Price and release form

The vast majority of so-called colds are caused by viruses.

But, unfortunately, there is not yet a single drug that can specifically destroy these tiny pathogenic microorganisms.

What then are antiviral nasal drops? Are they worth using and do they even work?

Every day, each of us comes into contact with a lot of different viruses, but we only get sick under a certain set of circumstances, in particular, when:

• deterioration of general or local immunity;
• encounters with particularly active viruses;
• dysfunction of the nasal mucosa, etc.

When viral particles land on the surface of the nasal mucosa, they penetrate intracellular structures, destroying them and using the resulting decay products for reproduction.

This period takes from 2 to 5 days, during which no external signs are observed. Therefore, it is called incubation.

All this time, interferons, compounds of protein origin, arrive at the site of penetration of microorganisms, helping to reduce the susceptibility of cells to the negative effects of viruses.

Humanity has learned to isolate them and synthesize them artificially. They formed the basis for the creation of most modern antiviral agents, the local use of which helps to increase the body’s natural defenses and prevent the development of diseases.

Important information

Intranasal administration of interferons of various biological activities is practiced only in the countries of the former CIS.

Interferon, which is part of 90% of them, can be of synthetic or natural origin. Therefore, such nasal preparations have a protein base, and therefore can cause the development of allergies, especially if a person suffers from chicken egg intolerance, although this is not so common.

Remember

It is advisable to use any antiviral agent either for preventive purposes, or exclusively in the first three days from the onset of symptoms of illness.

Thus, drugs in this group should be used for treatment and prevention:

• ARVI, especially in the autumn-spring season;
• flu;
• herpetic infection.

Important

You can take such medications no more than twice a year, since their regular use reduces the production of your own interferon.

This entails an inevitable decline in immunity and, as a result, without the introduction of new doses, a person will get sick more often.

Here is a list of the most popular nasal pharmaceuticals that have antiviral activity:

• Derinat;
• Ergoferon;
• Interferon;
• Ingaron;
• Grippferon.

These antiviral drops are inexpensive but effective. Essentially, the medication is a sealed ampoule containing white powder, which should be diluted with water immediately before instillation.

It is better to choose sterile water for injection as a solvent, especially since it costs a penny. In the absence of such powder, it is diluted with boiled water.

The solvent is poured to the mark to make 2 ml of liquid. When properly diluted, it contains 1000 IU of α-interferon. The solution can be stored on the refrigerator door for no more than 24 hours.

Adults are recommended to instill in each nasal passage:

• For treatment: 5 drops 5 times a day, that is, approximately every two hours.
• For prevention: 2 drops. twice a day.

Source: nasmorkam.net For children, the dosage and frequency of administration is determined by the doctor purely individually based on the patient’s age and the degree of impairment of his well-being.

Nevertheless, it is when taking interferon that the following side effects are most often observed:

• headache;
• insomnia;
• temperature increase;
• nausea;
• visual impairment, etc.

This is explained by the fact that the pharmaceutical preparation includes human leukocyte interferon, that is, obtained from donor blood.
Therefore, it may contain insignificant amounts of foreign impurities that are foreign to the patient’s body. This drug is one of the few antiviral drugs that can be used at any stage of the course of ARVI.

Its main component is a special form of interferon - gamma, to which viruses do not develop resistance.

The medicine is prepared immediately before instillation. To do this, pour a solvent (water) into a bottle of powder and shake thoroughly.

The solution is administered 2-3 drops 3-5 times a day for a week. Since the bottle is equipped with a special dropper cap, as a rule, there are no difficulties with dosing accuracy and storage.

The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women and children under 7 years of age.

The mechanism of action of Ergoferon is based on the ability of the antibodies it contains to γ-interferon and histamine to provoke the active release of these compounds by the body.

This increases overall immunity and resistance to allergens.

It comes in the form of tablets for resorption in the oral cavity. In addition to the treatment and prevention of all kinds of viral pathologies of the ENT organs, Ergoferon is often prescribed to combat:

• acute viral intestinal diseases;
• encephalitis;
• meningitis;
• hemorrhagic fever, etc.

It is also successfully used to reduce the risk of complications when treating the following bacterial infections:

• whooping cough;
• pneumonia;
• pseudotuberculosis;
• yersiniosis, etc.

The first tablet should be taken when the slightest hint of a respiratory infection appears. And within 2 hours you need to dissolve 5 pieces at intervals of half an hour. The next day and thereafter, it is enough to take three tablets daily.

For preventive purposes, it is recommended to dissolve 1-2 tablets daily throughout the cold season. According to the annotation, this can be done without fear for six months.

This drug is fundamentally different from other similar medications because it does not contain any form of interferon.

The main substance in it is sodium deoxyribonucleate. As excipients it contains water for injection and sodium chloride, which acts as a preservative.

Since the sodium salt of DNA obtained from sturgeon milk has a detrimental effect not only on viral particles, but also on numerous bacteria and fungi, Derinat is widely used in otolaryngology for the treatment of:

• acute respiratory infections;
• flu;
• sinusitis;
• laryngitis;
• tonsillitis, etc.

In addition to the fact that the drug exhibits an immunostimulating effect, it promotes the rapid restoration of areas of the mucous membranes damaged by microorganisms. But its use is prohibited in combination with other antiviral and vasoconstrictor drugs.

Since the sodium salt of deoxyribonucleic acid is absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body along with the lymph, it not only has a local effect, like all the drugs described above, but also affects the entire body, strengthening the immune system as a whole.

Therefore, the use of Derinat is indicated until complete recovery.

For therapeutic purposes, the medication is instilled every two hours, 2 drops into each nostril on the 1st and 2nd days. Starting from the 3rd day, it is enough to carry out only 3-4 procedures, adhering to this regimen until complete recovery. For prevention, it is allowed to administer 2 drops 3-4 times a day throughout the cold season.

The drug is often prescribed as part of complex therapy for sinusitis, as it complements nasal drops with an antibiotic, vasoconstrictors, etc. well.

The modern pharmaceutical industry produces several drugs with immunostimulating properties in the form of sprays. This:

Grippferon and Nazoferon. The main substance of the medicine is recombinant α-interferon. In the first of them, each milliliter of solution contains 10,000 IU, and in Nazoferon - 100,000 IU.

According to the annotation, for viral infections they are recommended to be prescribed to adults for 5 days, 2-3 injections 4-6 times a day for 3-5 days. For preventive purposes, one dose of the pharmaceutical is administered once a day.

Unlike classical Interferon as such, they contain synthetic α-interferon, completely purified from foreign impurities. Therefore, it has much fewer contraindications and extremely rarely provokes side effects. These medications are also produced in the form of drops.

Genferon light spray. One dose contains 50,000 IU of the leukocyte form of the active substance. Therefore, it is capable of causing the adverse reactions described above and has a number of contraindications. Genferon is approved for use only by patients over 14 years of age, since clinical trials have not been conducted on children.

For medicinal purposes, inject one dose three times a day for 3–5 days. For the prevention of viral diseases, the instructions do not recommend its use, except in cases of close contact with infected people. In such situations, adhere to the above scheme.

In some cases, it is better to give preference to special nasal ointments designed to fight infections. They remain on the surface of the mucous membranes longer, due to which they are able to provide the necessary therapeutic effect for the maximum amount of time.

Available in this form:

• Viferon;
• Oxolinic ointment;
• Grippferon.

What is the best choice for children should be decided together with their pediatrician. After all, only a qualified specialist will be able to adequately assess the severity of the child’s ill health and select appropriate therapy for the situation.

The cheapest children's drops for the common cold with antiviral action are prepared from interferon in ampoules. As a rule, it is recommended to inject 4-5 drops of the diluted pharmaceutical into each nostril twice a day.

Attention

The spray can be used to treat children older than one year, since the introduction of liquid under pressure can provoke the spread of viruses to other parts of the ENT organs and cause complications, for example, otitis media.

For infants you can choose:

Grippferon or Nazoferon drops. They are administered drop by drop 5 times a day for 5 days.

Laferon nasal. Available in the form of a dry powder, packaged in bottles equipped with a special dropper attachment. The dose of the active substance in it exceeds even Nazoferon and is 200,000 IU per 1 ml. Infants receive only 1 drop of solution 8 times a day.

Derinat. Follow the above treatment regimen, since it is the same for patients of all ages.

For children over one year old, you can choose any antiviral agents except Ingaron and Genferon. The frequency of administration and dose are described in detail in the instructions for children of all ages.

To prevent the development of ARVI and combat them, it is recommended that pregnant women purchase:

• Grippferon and Nazoferon;
• Derinat;
• Viferon.

But before starting use, expectant mothers should definitely consult a doctor.

All other drugs cannot be used only if you are allergic to their components.

But when taking vasoconstrictors, it is necessary to maintain a break between their administration and instillation of antiviral drugs, since their combination can cause dry mucous membranes.

Also, α-interferon does not combine well with sedatives (sedatives), hypnotics and opioid (narcotic) analgesics.

Thus, anyone can prevent the development of an unloved ARVI or prevent it in the bud when the first symptoms appear, regardless of the size of the family budget.

However, if the disease does occur and the patient’s condition worsens, we recommend not to self-medicate and consult a doctor.

Reviews about the drugs

Every year I use Derinat for prevention. And I must say I started getting sick much less often than before. Now ARVI bothers me only a couple of times during the entire autumn-spring season. Natalya, 27 years old

We managed to catch a cold in the winter, probably during discharge from the hospital. The pediatrician advised me to buy Grippferon for the little one. He helped quickly, and within a couple of days the condition returned to normal. Now the whole family is treated with it. Karina, 35 years old

The budget does not allow us to buy expensive medicines, and getting sick today is very expensive. Therefore, I drip the cheapest Interferon several times a year. I have never had any side effects. Maxim, 31 years old

I am more involved in the prevention of acute respiratory infections, since my work does not allow me to take sick leave. I buy Ergoferon in autumn and spring; in winter I prefer to use Viferon ointment. With such an arsenal, I’m no longer afraid to enter crowded minibuses and subways, where someone is always coughing. Elsa, 47 years old

I usually take Genferon from the pharmacy and spray it as soon as my nose starts to “itch.” It helps well and after it the pain rarely develops in full force.

But once I performed the usual manipulations only on the third day, when snot was already flowing in streams and the congestion was severe. So, the drops were no longer of any use.

It’s probably not for nothing that they write that you need to use them in the first three days. I also had to fork out money for Ingaron, otherwise I had already forgotten what fever and aches were. Ruslan, 27 years old

Antiviral nasal drops are a very convenient remedy for influenza and ARVI. How effective are they? Read below.

The largest group of antiviral drugs used in the form of drops, sprays and ointments on the nasal mucosa are interferons. The active substance in all of them is interferon, a polypeptide that has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects.

When used intranasally, i.e. when applying the drug to the nasal mucosa in any form, interferon is not absorbed, but acts locally - on the mucous membrane, on viruses that have not yet penetrated the blood.

Therefore, drugs for intranasal use are effective against viral infections as a prophylactic agent. And also as a remedy in the first 3 days from the onset of the disease. Moreover, the earlier treatment is started, the better the result.

Starting from the fourth day from the onset of the disease, interferons for intranasal use are useless and there is no point in using them. The concentrations of the active substance in recommended doses of different nasal interferons differ by tens, hundreds and even thousands of times.

Interferon intranasal drugs include Russian: Interferon, Gripferon, Viferon gel, Viferon ointment, Genferon light spray and Ukrainian: Nazoferon and Laferon Nasal.

Outside the countries of the former CIS, intranasal use of interferons is not practiced. The indications for use for all drugs are similar: prevention and treatment of acute respiratory viral infections, influenza and herpetic infections.

Produced by JSC Biomed Moscow region. The only drug in this group obtained from the blood of donors under the influence of viruses. All other drugs are recombinant interferons.

The active ingredient is interferon alpha-2b. One ampoule contains 1000 IU of interferon, 1 ml - 500 IU, 1 drop contains approximately 20 IU of the active substance. The most famous and oldest of the “interferons”. Available in the form of a dry powder in ampoules, used endonasally (in nasal drops) or inhalations (via a nebulizer).

Injecting medication is strictly prohibited!

At the beginning of the disease, interferon can greatly alleviate and even interrupt its further development. It is also effective for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza.

The ampoule is opened immediately before use. Boiled water at room temperature is poured into it up to the mark. The diluted drug is stored in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours. Allowed for children from birth and adults in the same dose.

Prevention regimen: 2 drops in each nasal passage 2 times a day or one inhalation 2 times a day from ten days to one month. Treatment regimen: 5 drops in each nasal passage after 2 hours at least five times a day or inhalations every two hours 3-4 times a day during the first 3 days of illness.

First appeared in 1999, Russian development, produced by Firn M CJSC, Moscow. It differs from the previous one in that the interferon in it is recombinant (similar to human interferon alpha-2 B, but obtained by genetic engineering) and is in the form of a ready-made solution and does not require special preparation before use. Forms of release of the drug: nasal drops and nasal spray. In influenza, interferon is present in a concentration 20 times higher than in the previous medicine: 10,000 IU of interferon in 1 ml, 400 IU in 1 drop. Allowed from birth.

Preventive regimen : 1 drop or 1 injection into each nostril 1-2 times a day for 2 to 4 weeks.

Treatment regimen: for children from birth to one year, 1 drop or injection into each nostril, 3 to 4 times a day. Children from one to three years old, two drops from 3 to 4 times a day. Children over 3 years old and adults, two drops in each nostril from 4 to 6 times a day. The course of treatment is 3 days. There is no point in using the medicine further.

Produced by PJSC Farmak Kyiv. The drug is similar to the previous two, it is especially similar to influenza and also contains recombinant interferon alpha-2B, but at a concentration 10 times higher than in influenza, namely: 100,000 IU in 1 ml and 4,000 IU in 1 -th drop. Available in the form of drops and spray. Drops are allowed from birth, spray - from 1 year.

Treatment regimen: children from birth to one year - 1 drop in each nostril 5 times a day, from 1 to 3 years - 3-4 times a day, 2 drops or 2 sprays of spray in each nostril, children from 3 to 14 years old - 4-5 times per day, 2 drops or 2 spray injections into each nostril, adults - 5-6 times per day, three spray injections or 3 drops into each nostril. Course of treatment (according to instructions) 3-5 days

For the purpose of prevention , it is prescribed in an age-specific dosage 1 time per day in the morning every other day.

Produced by Scientific and Production Company Infarmbiotek LLC, Kiev. The medicine is produced in the form of a dry powder, packaged in sealed bottles and requires dilution before use with boiled water at room temperature, like the first drug. The bottle comes with a special dropper cap, which makes it much more convenient than the first drug described in this article, for which you had to look for a pipette. It contains the same recombinant interferon, twice as high as in nasoferon: 200,000 IU in 1 ml, and 8,000 IU in 1 drop.

Treatment regimen : Children from birth to 1 year - 1 drop in each nasal passage eight times a day, children from 1 to 7 years - 2-3 drops in each nasal passage eight times a day, children from 7 - children up to 14 years old, 4 drops in each nasal passage eight times a day, adults 5-6 drops 8-10 times a day in each nasal passage. The course of treatment is 3-5 days.

For preventive purposes, it is recommended to take 1-2 drops 4 times a day for 10-30 days.

Contains the same recombinant interferon. Recommended for adults and children over 14 years of age , since this medicine has not yet undergone clinical trials on children. Contains 50,000 IU of interferon in 1 dose, which is 2500 times more than in 1 drop (dose) of dry human leukocyte interferon.

Treatment regimen: 1 dose in each nostril three times a day. The course of treatment is 3-5 days.

Prophylactic regimen: the instructions recommend only emergency prophylaxis upon contact with a patient according to the same regimen as for treatment, but for 5-7 days.

Also recombinant interferon, which can be used intranasally. Viferon gel and ointment are intended for application to the mucous membrane of the nose and tonsils for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections, and for treatment in the first days of the disease, as well as as a local treatment for herpes infection.

Gel and ointment remain on the surface longer than drops, thereby increasing the duration of action of the medicine. But at the same time, the medicine still acts locally, only at the site of application. The concentration of interferon in 1 g of ointment is 40,000 IU, in 1 g of gel - 36,000 IU.

For the purpose of treatment, the ointment or gel is applied to the previously dried nasal mucosa or the surface of the tonsils from 3 to 5 times a day for five days.

For the purpose of prevention - two daily doses for 2-4 weeks.

Oxolinic ointment

Antiviral agent for external use. One of the oldest antiviral agents. Appeared in the USSR in 1970, and is not recognized or registered outside the former CIS.

It is applied to the mucous membranes or skin and acts directly on viruses located on the mucous membrane before they penetrate into the blood. Oxolinic ointment is partially absorbed from the surface of the nasal mucosa and skin, but has no effect on viruses that have already entered the bloodstream. It also does not have any toxic, locally irritating or other harmful effects on the human body.

For the prevention and treatment of influenza and ARVI, 0.25% nasal ointment is intended; it is applied to the mucous membrane 3-4 times a day, both for the purpose of prevention during the period of increased incidence, and for treatment in the first days of the disease . 3% oxolinic ointment is intended for the treatment of viral skin diseases: warts, molluscum contagiosum, herpes.

Clinical trial results

Let us give an example of testing interferon alfa-2b in pediatrics, for the treatment of hepatitis B (HBV) with active viral replication.

Twenty-nine children participated: mean age 8.3 years, 18 boys, 11 girls. The patients underwent a biopsy, which proved the presence of chronic viral hepatitis B with active viral replication. Children received a 16-week course of treatment with interferon alfa-2b (9 IU/m2, three times a week). Fourteen patients (48%) had persistent loss of HBV DNA 8 months after the end of treatment. 11 people (38%) lost HBeAg antigen. In two children (7%) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) disappeared. Alanine aminotransferase activity returned to normal in 12 children.

The results were compared with the natural history of the disease in a group of 25 children (mean age 8.3 years) with identical initial mean serum HBV-DNA values ​​observed during the same period. Two of them (8%) lost HBeAg and one (4%) lost HBsAg. The 23 remaining control subjects had no decrease in serum HBV-DNA or transaminase activity compared with values ​​1 year earlier.

Research findings . It is concluded that interferon alfa-2b treatment in children may result in inhibition of HBV replication similar to that described in adults and thus may reduce disease progression. Further research is needed to establish better protocols and identify those patients most likely to respond to treatment. In this way, the progression of the disease can be reduced.

Reviews

We have been saving ourselves with various drugs with interferon for the whole family for three years, and it must be said that the children are also getting sick, and we have become sick less often. We usually use drops during the cold season. Alexey, 35 years old

I am developing an allergy to Interferon, although I am not allergic. After its administration, itching and body aches occur, so I advise you to be careful, especially when taking it for the first time. Marina, 28 years old

Interferon helped me get rid of an incipient cold literally within a day. Work colleagues recommended it; at first I didn’t believe it, but still bought this cheap product. In the evening I diluted it and dropped it in, repeated it in the morning, and by the evening there was no need to repeat the procedure. Aleftina, 33 years old

When my daughter fell ill with ARVI for the 6th time in a year, the pediatrician recommended instilling interferon-based medications into the nasal passages as a preventive measure when the incidence rate increases at school. It helps well in mild cases, when “water” is simply leaking from the spout, but in more severe infections it has no effect. Ekaterina, 45 years old

Trade names and manufacturers

Preparations containing IFN-α2b are produced by both domestic and foreign pharmaceutical manufacturers.

The drug substance is available under the following trade names:

• Altevir (Pharmstandard, Russia);
• Alfarona (Pharmaclon, Russia);
• Binnoferon Alpha (Binnopharm, Russian Federation);
• Viferon (Feron, Russia);
• Grippferon (FIRN M, Russia, nasal forms only);
• Interfal (produced on the basis of the state research institute, Russia);
• Intron (Schering-Plough, Belgium);
• Laifferon, Reaferon (Vector Medica, Russia);
• Realdiron (Teva, Israel).

In addition to medicines under the trade names Reaferon, Altevir, this substance is also included in multicomponent analogues. These medications are intended to be administered into the rectum, sprayed onto the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, or applied to the skin. For example, Allergoferon, Genferon, Mikoferon. All listed products are produced in Russia.

Price and reviews about “Interferon”

The cost of Interferon is on average 872 rubles. Prices range from 78 to 5,000 rubles.

The cost of Interferon in ampoules is 71-85 rubles. “Interferon beta” 1a and 1b costs from 13 to 28 thousand rubles in Russia.

For nasal drops, the price starts at 187 rubles.

Candles for children - from 300 rubles. The cost of Interferon alfa and Ribavirin varies greatly.

Reviews of alpha, beta and gamma interferons are most often positive. The drug is recommended by more than 95% of patients who used it for treatment.

The product is ideal for children; it not only allows you to cure an already ill child, but also significantly increases his immune defense, for this reason the body can resist infections.

Composition and properties of the drug

Interferon contains a cytokine, an immune mediator, which is produced in the body in response to the influence of viral cells. These substances are biologically active proteins that have the ability to form cellular defenses against infections.

In the body, interferons are produced by cells of the immune system and connective tissue. IFN-a is the first interferon that was isolated by scientists. Then IFN-b, IFN-b, IFN-g were discovered, which are also used to create drugs, but not as active as interferon-alpha.

Interferon α-2b

Initially, interferons were obtained from leukocytes isolated from donor blood, and now this method is actively used, but it has some disadvantages:

1. Inconsistency of the composition of the drug even from one manufacturer.
2. Low degree of purification.
3. Impossibility of parenteral use.
4. High cost of drugs.

Therefore, drugs of leukocyte origin are used only for vital signs, and in other cases doctors try to prescribe interferon inducers synthesized using genetic engineering.

When purchasing drugs with interferons, you need to look at the composition: if recombinant alpha-interferon is indicated, this means that the composition contains a synthesized cytokine, and human leukocyte alpha-interferon means that interferons are isolated from human blood or other fluids.

But both recombinant and leukocyte interferons have equal antiviral and immunostimulating activity, and also have similar pharmacological properties.

Properties of interferons:

1. Suppress the proliferation of viral particles, as well as chlamydia, bacteria and protozoa.

2. Removes the harmful effects of radiation.
3. Suppresses the growth and reproduction of tumor and pre-tumor cells.
4. Prevents the negative effects of toxins on the body.
5. Strengthen the effect of lymphocytes on target cells.
6. Stimulate the activity of natural T-lymphocytes.

The main effect of Interferon is antiviral. Once in the body, interferons bind to receptors located on the surface of cells. The drug stimulates the production of enzymes that promote cell resistance to viral particles, and at the same time affects the RNA of viruses, suppressing their replication.

Interferons have an immunostimulating effect by increasing the sensitivity of cells to natural cytokines, stimulating natural immunity, increasing the activity of T-lymphocytes and macrophages. The antitumor effect is achieved through the following actions:

1. Improving the functioning of the antitumor mechanisms of the immune system.
2. Suppression of the proliferation of pathological cells.
3. Preventing the formation of new choroid plexuses.
4. Neutralization of oncoviruses.
5. Stimulation of the work of macrophages and NK cells.

All these actions simultaneously improve the functioning of the immune system and, when viral particles enter the body, stimulate the formation of an adequate immune response at the cellular level.

Drops

One of the most popular nasal sprays is Grippferon. Interferon alpha-2b drops contain at least 10,000 IU of the active substance, as well as auxiliary elements: disodium edetate dihydrate, sodium chloride, macrogol, purified water, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, povidone 8, sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate.

The drug is available in the form of a clear or slightly yellow liquid intended for instillation into the nasal passages.

"Grippferon" has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory effects.

The antiviral effect is based on the activation of the defense mechanism in an uninfected cell, as well as preventing the virus from entering it.

The immunomodulatory effect is the differentiation of bone marrow cells, which increases the effectiveness of antiviral protection. The drug also enhances the expression of certain cells involved in the activation of the body's immune defense.

The anti-inflammatory effect is carried out under the influence of the immune system.

The peculiarity of the drops is that when administered intranasally they do not cause resistance to the antiviral action. In addition, this method of concentration, the amount of the substance in the blood is insignificant and does not have clinical significance.

Grippferon drops are contraindicated in case of individual intolerance to the components included in the composition. It is also not recommended to use the drug in severe forms of an allergic reaction.

During pregnancy, the product can be used throughout the entire period. There are no restrictions on use during lactation.

During clinical trials, no side effects were recorded. But you should not use Grippferon and nasal vasoconstrictor drugs at the same time, since interferon promotes increased drying of the nasal mucosa.

The spray is used depending on age. A dosage of 500 IU is prescribed to children under one year of age, one dose in each nasal passage 5 times a day.

Children from one to three years old are prescribed two doses three times a day.

For children from 3 to 14 years of age, interferon is recommended in a dosage of two doses up to five times a day. Adolescents from 14 years of age and adults use the drug three doses in each nasal passage up to six times a day. The exact treatment regimen is determined by the attending physician.

Interferon during pregnancy

Interferon for the nose can be used without fear during pregnancy. Regardless of whether it is the 1st trimester or the 3rd, the dosage of the drug remains the same and corresponds to the administration of 5 drops every 2 hours for therapeutic purposes and twice a day for preventive purposes.

However, before using it, it is recommended to consult a doctor about the advisability of using the drug and the need to take additional medications.

Storage conditions

The drugs are stored according to the manufacturer's recommendations. But since most of them are destroyed by high temperatures, it is usually recommended to store them on the refrigerator door. [ads-pc-1][ads-mob-1] If nasal drops with interferon were prepared at home from powder, then the opened ampoule must be placed in the refrigerator. It can only be used for 24 hours, so to continue treatment, a new ampoule of the medicine is opened every day.