What ailments should a child be vaccinated against: list and schedule of mandatory vaccinations in Russia

• Child's health from A to Z

The problem of the appropriateness of preventive vaccinations for children has been relevant for decades. To vaccinate or not to vaccinate a child? What is more in this procedure: harm or benefit? These issues are quite acute in society. There is no common point of view on them among parents.

Today's Russian legislation allows parents to refuse scheduled vaccinations if they consider it necessary to make such a decision. To do this, you just need to write an official refusal addressed to the head physician of the clinic to which your child is attached. But is it worth doing? Will it turn out that this will put your child at even greater risk?

Doctors are categorical: children need to be vaccinated. Maybe first parents need to evaluate their arguments? What are doctors guided by when insisting on their point of view? Only objective information will allow parents to evaluate all the pros and cons of vaccination in order to make an informed, responsible decision. This will not only help the child avoid dangerous infections, but will also not harm his health.

Why are vaccinations needed?

Only our own immune system can cope with the army of microbes and viruses that surround us in everyday life. As a person grows up, his body inevitably encounters various infections and learns to protect itself from them, but a newborn baby is practically defenseless. Only in the first weeks of life is he protected by maternal immunity, which is transmitted through breast milk. Gradually, this defense weakens, and the baby’s body finds itself face to face with an army of microscopic enemies.

After suffering from an illness, the immune system forms antibodies to a certain type of pathogen - “remembers the enemy.” Having encountered it again, the body will be able to cope with the infection or virus and will no longer allow the disease to develop again. But some pathogens are life-threatening; even an accidental encounter with them is extremely undesirable. How can we “introduce” the child’s body to them, so that at the right moment the immune cells can quickly “organize” a reliable defense?

To help the immune system in this unequal fight, scientists have developed special vaccines against dangerous infectious and viral diseases. With their help, humanity managed to cope with diseases that caused entire cities to die out in the Middle Ages.

Today, all civilized countries have a national calendar of routine vaccinations against the most dangerous diseases. There is such a vaccination calendar in Russia.

How to prepare your child for vaccination

All adults should understand that vaccination is not a 100% guarantee of saving a child’s life, but it can protect against dangerous diseases. You must know what vaccinations are given to children under one year of age and older; your pediatrician should tell you this.

Modern mothers should not rely entirely on the pediatrician; they should always carefully assess their child’s condition.

There is a small list of basic steps to prepare for vaccination, they should definitely be taken into account:

• Before vaccination, you should monitor the general condition of the baby.
• Check your child for rashes or redness due to possible allergies, for the presence of acute respiratory infections or flu.
• A week before the injection, measure your body temperature daily.
• Before vaccination, it is necessary to undergo a general urine and blood test.
• You should definitely check with your pediatrician before administering the vaccine.

It is important to fulfill all these conditions due to the possible development of latent influenza or other diseases. It should be understood that the introduction of a foreign substance into the blood will increase the load on the immune system and may also worsen the course of the disease. The baby must be completely healthy!

After the birth of the baby, you should find out from the doctor what vaccinations are given to children under one year old, so that you know for sure and begin monitoring a week before the injections.

What type of immunity is produced by vaccination?

Routine vaccination allows you to quickly form specific immunity to dangerous diseases. The vaccine contains a minimal amount (sometimes only a part) of a weakened or killed pathogen. This antigen is not able to cause disease, but its quantity is quite sufficient for immune cells to become active and begin to produce specific antibodies. They are able to remain in the body for a long time and successfully protect the body.

Types of vaccinations and vaccination standards in Russia

Currently, a person must be vaccinated against the following diseases throughout his life:

• tuberculosis;
• tetanus;
• measles;
• whooping cough;
• rubella;
• hemophilus influenzae infection;
• diphtheria;
• polio.

Vaccination standards in Russia:

1. Vaccination is a voluntary procedure. There is no punishment for refusing it, but parents should remember that when entering kindergarten or school, a list of completed vaccinations is required.
2. Vaccination is carried out strictly in medical institutions. Only people with medical education are allowed to perform vaccinations.
3. The drug to be injected must be licensed and registered in the country.
4. Before the procedure, the doctor should talk with the parents about possible side effects, and also explain the consequences of refusing vaccination.
5. Before the injection, the doctor must examine the child and give consent to the vaccination.

If several vaccinations are prescribed on one day, they are given in different places and with different syringes.

What diseases do vaccinations protect against?

Tuberculosis.

This social disease cannot be completely overcome, so the problem of prevention is very acute. Vaccination is carried out in the maternity hospital, 3-5 days after birth.

Diphtheria.

A very dangerous inflammatory disease of the larynx, caused by Loeffler's bacillus. With diphtheria, a dense film forms in the larynx, which leads to serious breathing problems and severe suffocation. Previously, this disease was known as “true croup”; it almost always led to a sad outcome.

Whooping cough.

Another dangerous disease that is transmitted by airborne droplets and is very severe, often complicated by pneumonia. Severe coughing attacks torment the child for several weeks, leading to vomiting and convulsions. This disease is especially dangerous for children under one year of age. In this age group, there is a very high mortality rate (up to 50-60%) among unvaccinated children. Older children also have a very difficult time with whooping cough.

Tetanus.

An anaerobic infection that enters the body through wounds and cuts on the skin. The disease causes severe damage to the nervous system, with the development of seizures and muscle spasms. Leads to respiratory failure and death from suffocation.

Polio.

A highly contagious viral disease. Poliomyelitis causes severe damage to the spinal cord, leading to paralysis and muscle paresis. In especially severe cases, the disease is accompanied by damage to the respiratory center and can lead to death. After suffering from polio, muscle function is almost never completely restored, and the person develops a physical defect. Vaccinations in the form of drops, carried out in several stages, protect against this dangerous disease.

Rubella.

An extremely contagious viral disease transmitted by airborne droplets. Children tolerate it relatively easily; in adults, this disease is much more severe. If a pregnant woman has rubella, the risk of developing physical deformities in the fetus increases significantly.

Mumps (mumps).

An infectious viral disease transmitted by airborne droplets. The pathogen affects the salivary glands, pancreas, and testes in men. The nervous system also suffers from it. The disease is dangerous due to its complications: mumps often leads to deafness, and in boys in the future - to a high probability of infertility.

Measles

– another dangerous viral disease. It is characterized by a profuse rash and is difficult to tolerate by patients. It is especially dangerous due to its complications. Measles often leads to the development of pneumonia, meningitis, eye damage, and the formation of ugly scars on the skin.

Hepatitis B.

A viral infection that causes chronic liver damage, cirrhosis and even cancer. Vaccination against this disease was introduced into the national vaccination calendar only a few years ago. Babies are vaccinated immediately after birth, on the first day of life, then revaccinated twice.

This is not a complete list of diseases that timely vaccines can cure. Every year, sanitary and epidemiological surveillance specialists introduce new vaccines into the national vaccination calendar, which help reduce the likelihood of epidemics.

There are no effective cures for diseases caused by viruses. Only the immune system can cope with them, so antiviral vaccinations are especially important.

What vaccines are recommended and at what age?

Vaccinal prophylaxis is recommended to be carried out in accordance with the National Vaccination Calendar. It is different in each country, since the epidemiological situation may differ significantly, and in some countries the vaccinations used in others are not always necessary.

Here is the national calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia:

You can also familiarize yourself with the US vaccination calendar and the vaccination calendar of European countries - they are in many ways very similar to the domestic calendar:

• Vaccination calendar in the USA.
• Vaccination calendar in the European Union (you can select any country from the menu and view the recommendations).

Tuberculosis

Vaccines – “BCG”, “BCG-M”. They do not reduce the risk of contracting tuberculosis, but they prevent up to 80% of severe forms of infection in children. Included in the national calendar of more than 100 countries around the world.

Hepatitis B

Vaccines – “Euvax B”, “Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine”, “Regevac B”, “Engerix B”, “Bubo-Kok” vaccine, “Bubo-M”, “Shanvak-V”, “Infanrix Hexa”, “ DPT-GEP B.”

With the help of these vaccines, it was possible to reduce the number of children with chronic hepatitis B from 8-15% to <1%. It is an important means of prevention and protects against the development of primary liver cancer. Prevents 85-90% of deaths due to this disease. Included in the calendar of 183 countries.

Pneumococcal infection

Vaccines – “Pneumo-23”, 13-valent “Prevenar 13”, 10-valent “Synflorix”. Reduces the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis by 80%. Included in the calendar of 153 countries.

Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus

Vaccines - combined (contain 2-3 vaccines in 1 preparation) - ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, DPT, "Bubo-M", "Bubo-Kok", "Infanrix", "Pentaxim", "Tetraxim", "Infanrix Penta", "Infanrix Hexa"

Diphtheria – the effectiveness of modern vaccines is 95-100%. For example, the risk of getting encephalopathy in unvaccinated people is 1:1200, and in vaccinated people it is less than 1:300,000.

Whooping cough – vaccine effectiveness is more than 90%.

Tetanus – 95-100% effective. Persistent immunity lasts 5 years, after which it gradually fades, which is why revaccination is required every 10 years. 194 countries of the world are included in the calendar.

Polio

Vaccines: Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim, oral polio vaccine types 1, 3, Imovax Polio, Poliorix, Tetraxim.

Poliomyelitis is incurable, it can only be prevented. After the introduction of vaccination, the number of cases fell from 350,000 cases since 1988 to 406 cases in 2013.

Haemophilus influenzae infection

Vaccines: Act-HIB, Hiberix Pentaxim, Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate, Infanrix Hexa.

Children under 5 years of age cannot independently adequately form immunity to this infection, which is highly resistant to antibacterial drugs. The effectiveness of vaccination is 95-100%. Included in the calendar of 189 countries.

Measles, rubella, mumps

Vaccines: Priorix, MMP-II.

Measles vaccination prevented 15.6 million deaths between 2000 and 2013. Global mortality fell by 75%.

Rubella is tolerated by children without any problems, but in pregnant women it can cause fetal malformations. Mass vaccination in Russia has reduced the incidence to 0.67 per 100,000 people. (2012).

Mumps - can cause a large number of complications, such as deafness, hydrocephalus, and male infertility. The effectiveness of vaccination is 95%. Incidence cases for 2019 in Russia – 0.18 per 100,000 people.

Flu

Vaccines: "Ultravac", "Ultrix", "Microflu", "Fluvaxin", "Vaxigrip", "Fluarix", "Begrivac", "Influvac", "Agrippal S1", "Grippol plus", "Grippol", "Inflexal" V", "Sovigrip".

The vaccine works in 50-70% of cases. Indicated for people at risk (the elderly, those with concomitant respiratory pathologies, weakened immunity, etc.).

Note: Russian vaccines “Grippol” and “Grippol +” have an insufficient amount of antigens (5 mcg instead of the required 15), justifying this by the presence of polyoxidonium, which should stimulate the immune system and enhance the effect of the vaccine, but there is no data confirming this.

Main types of vaccinations for children

Parents are often concerned that vaccinations are carried out at a very early age. But this approach is completely justified from a scientific point of view. After all, for the most effective protection of the body, it is important that immunity is developed on time. In addition, some vaccinations are carried out in several stages, and immunity to diseases is developed slowly.

In order to achieve stable immunity by the time the child enters kindergarten, vaccination must begin as early as possible.

A series of primary vaccinations must be completed before the child reaches two years of age, unless there are contraindications to vaccination for health reasons. » «

Vaccination of children according to the rules

What should you ensure that your child is vaccinated correctly?

1. You need to confirm your consent to vaccination with your signature.
2. Parents have the right to be present in the office when the child is given an injection. A child under 15 years of age can be legally vaccinated only with the consent of one of the parents. After 15 years of age, children have the opportunity to make their own decision about vaccination.
3. Before vaccination, the family doctor must examine and give permission or prescribe treatment to eliminate health problems.
4. If multiple vaccinations are necessary, they are given to different parts of the body. It is possible to give no more than 4 vaccinations at the same time.
5. The vaccine must be removed from the original packaging in front of the parents, just like disposable instruments. You should find out the name of the medication when vaccinated. Polysaccharide vaccines (meningococcus, etc.) are necessary after reaching 2 years of age, since the body does not produce antibodies to such antigens. For children up to 24 months. conjugate vaccines (including a polysaccharide with a protein) are used.
6. A baby under one year of age is vaccinated in the thigh; vaccination in the buttock at this age is prohibited due to the likelihood of damaging the sciatic nerve.
7. Children after 1 year of age are vaccinated in the thigh or upper arm area, unless otherwise instructed by the vaccine manufacturer.

Hepatitis B vaccination

The very first vaccination in a person’s life is vaccination against hepatitis B. If there are no contraindications, it is carried out in the maternity hospital, on the first day after birth. The second revaccination awaits the baby at 3 months, the third – at the age of six months.

If the mother is sick with hepatitis B, or is found to be a carrier of this virus, the baby is revaccinated according to a slightly different scheme. In this case, a second vaccination is given after a month, a third revaccination at 2 months, then at 12 months.

If this vaccination was not given in the maternity hospital for medical reasons, it is carried out by doctors at the clinic upon application.

The vaccination scheme in this case looks like this:

• when visiting the clinic, the first vaccination is given;
• re-vaccination is done after a month;
• third revaccination – 6 months after the first vaccination.

Features of vaccination against hepatitis B

The vaccination is done intramuscularly, into the thigh or shoulder muscle. If the technique is followed, local reactions rarely develop. Swelling and redness of the skin up to 8 cm in diameter may appear - there is no need to worry or do anything. There is no need to worry if the baby is a little capricious; his temperature has risen to 37.5˚C. If nausea, vomiting, convulsions occur, or body temperature rises above 38-39˚C, immediately call your local pediatrician or an ambulance.

You cannot get vaccinated against hepatitis if:

• the child has ARVI or any other infection;
• teeth are being cut;
• Previously, there was an allergic reaction to this vaccine or the baby had an allergy to yeast.

Any concomitant disease can affect the formation of immunity and cause undesirable consequences, therefore, before vaccination, the child should be examined by a doctor and make sure that he is healthy.

Why are these particular diseases included in the vaccination schedule for children?

Because the Ministry of Health rightly considers them the most dangerous existing infections, and this is confirmed by the entire history of human civilization. Over the past centuries, these diseases have accounted for countless billions of dead and disabled people. Even today, this account is not closed, so keeping up with your children's vaccination schedule is extremely important!

Don’t believe it if someone says that the Ministry of Health has inflated the childhood vaccination calendar too much, while in other countries children are vaccinated against fewer diseases. In fact, the position of Russian healthcare is quite conservative. The World Health Organization (WHO) vaccination schedule for children is even longer8. It also includes vaccination against the following infections.

What should I do if I want to expand the vaccination schedule for my children?

Do you want to follow WHO recommendations by adding additional vaccinations to the official vaccination schedule up to a year and at a later age? Nothing is impossible! Vaccinations against rotavirus, meningococcal infections, chickenpox and human papillomavirus are not yet included in the national vaccination calendar, but the vaccines themselves are registered in our country, approved by the Ministry of Health and are available for use.

The delay in the introduction of these vaccines does not mean that Russian doctors have not yet been convinced of their safety and effectiveness. The only thing is that the healthcare system needs time to resolve organizational and financial issues (for example, one dose of the vaccine against the human papillomavirus costs about 7,000 rubles14, and on a national scale we are talking about billions). But work in this direction is underway: Health Minister Veronika Skvortsova promised that vaccinations against rotavirus and chickenpox will be included in the national schedule as early as 202015.

Some regions are not waiting for a decision from the federal center and are proactively introducing vaccination against these diseases into their own vaccination calendars. The Orenburg region has become a pioneer in vaccination against rotavirus infection, and other regions are starting to follow suit. Vaccination against the human papillomavirus is carried out in the Moscow region, Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, Chelyabinsk, and St. Petersburg. There are also regional initiatives regarding chickenpox and meningococcal disease.

Find out which vaccinations from the extended list you can get for free at your place of residence. If some of them are not yet included in the calendar of your region, contact your doctor for paid vaccination.

What if we missed some vaccinations before the year?

This sometimes happens - due to the baby’s illness, forced departure and other reasons. If you have not completed any primary or repeated vaccinations on time, contact your doctor so that he can adjust your child’s vaccination schedule. Each vaccine has its own schedule of administration at certain intervals, so postponing it to a later date will also delay the next vaccinations.

But, of course, it is advisable not to skip vaccinations. Always remember: they are the basis for a long, healthy and happy life for your child!

1. National calendar of preventive vaccinations. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Link: https://www.rosminzdrav.ru/opendata/7707778246-natskalendarprofilakprivivok2015/visual
2. Clinical recommendations for vaccine prevention of hemophilus influenzae type b infection in children. Link: https://www.pediatr-russia.ru/sites/default/files/file/kr_vacgemb.pdf
3. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2019 N 125n “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications” (with amendments and additions). Link: https://base.garant.ru/70647158/
4. Instructions for vaccination and revaccination against tuberculosis with BCG and BCG-M vaccines. Appendix No. 5 to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2003 No. 109. Link: https://base.garant.ru/4179360/c9c989f1e999992b41b30686f0032f7d/
5. Adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. Link: https://www.microgen.ru/products/vaktsiny/vaktsina-koklyushno-difteriyno-stolbnyachnaya-adsorbirovannaya/
6. Prevention of polio. Link: https://cgon.rospotrebnadzor.ru/content/63/2083/
7. Flu reminder. Vaccine prevention of influenza. Moscow City Health Department. Link: https://mosgorzdrav.ru/ru-RU/health/default/card/43.html
8. WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables. Link: https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/Immunization_routine_table1.pdf?ua=1
9. Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C., Steele AD, Duque J., Parashar UD 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta- analysis // The Lancet: journal. - Elsevier, 2012. - February (vol. 12, no. 2). - P. 136-141. Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70253-5/fulltext
10. Riedo FX, Plikaytis BD, Broome CV (August 1995). Epidemiology and prevention of meningococcal disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14(8):643–57. Link: https://zenodo.org/record/1234816#.XbxLj2ax-Uk
11. Rospotrebnadzor warned those going to the Hajj about health risks. Link: https://ria.ru/20190726/1556912508.html
12. Sitnik T.N., Steinke L.V., Gabbasova N.V. Chicken pox: an “adult” infection. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2018;17(5):54-59. Link: https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-54-59
13. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. WHO. June 2019. Link: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer
14. Gardasil: Vaccine against human papillomavirus, quadrivalent, recombinant (types 6, 11, 16, 18). Link: https://www.piluli.ru/product/Gardasil
15. Vaccinations against chickenpox and rotavirus will become mandatory from 2020. Link: https://ria.ru/20180525/1521349340.html

BCG vaccination

The BCG vaccine protects against tuberculosis. The baby receives it 3-5 days after birth, while still in the maternity hospital. It is done intradermally, into the left shoulder. There are special instructions that medical staff must follow when vaccinating:

• vaccination is given only by a specially trained nurse;
• a special tuberculin syringe is used;
• the doctor is obliged to personally read the information indicated on the packaging, on the ampoule with the vaccine, and make sure that the labels match;
• all vaccination data must be entered into the child’s medical record, then they are included in the epicrisis certificate upon discharge from the maternity hospital.

Features of vaccination against tuberculosis

If vaccination is successful, after 6-8 weeks a small bump will appear at the injection site. It gradually increases in size and is filled with light yellowish liquid. At 3-4 months, the blister festeres, bursts, and a crust forms in its place. It is impossible to interfere, open or cauterize the wound - this can disrupt the formation of the body’s natural reaction to the pathogen and negate the result of vaccination. Subsequent revaccinations are carried out at 7 and 14 years of age.

If the vaccination technique was violated, suppuration may develop under the skin, and the axillary lymph nodes on the left may become enlarged. If you notice this in your baby, notify the doctor - this may be a sign of a complication.

When should you not get the BCG vaccine?

There is a list of diseases that serve as an absolute contraindication for vaccination against tuberculosis:

• immunodeficiencies of various nature;
• malignant blood diseases;
• any neoplasms in the baby’s body;
• diagnosed tuberculosis;
• an allergic reaction to a previous vaccine administration.

Temporary contraindications:

• severe prematurity (weight less than 2000);
• hemolytic disease;
• intrauterine infections;
• acute infectious diseases;
• intensive therapy with immunosuppressants or hormone therapy.

In these conditions, vaccination is postponed until the child’s health has recovered or stabilized.

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What vaccinations are required for adults?

Vaccination of adults is no less important than for children, since an adult can become a source of infection and infect a child. Be sure to get vaccinated before traveling, having previously studied information about diseases in the country.

Vaccinations for adults can be divided into several “blocks”.

1. For women planning pregnancy:

• measles and rubella - immunization is very important, since infections can lead to the development of serious pathologies in the fetus, sometimes even to its death;
• flu;
• routine vaccinations - the mother transfers antibodies to the fetus.

1. Pregnant women:

• vaccinations during an epidemic only if the expected benefits outweigh the risks;
• hepatitis B - when there is a sick person in the environment (the doctor will judge the need).

1. To old people:

• influenza – annually for all patients over 60 years of age;
• diphtheria, tetanus - revaccination every 10 years;
• Pneumococcus;
• vaccinations during epidemics.

1. Working people:

• flu;
• diphtheria, tetanus;
• hepatitis A – health workers employed in the food industry, working with water supply;
• viral encephalitis – agricultural workers working in the forest, builders, geologists;
• meningococcus – conscripts;
• pneumococcus – risk groups, conscripts;
• chicken pox – conscripts who have not been ill before.

Mantoux test

The Mantoux reaction, which is done upon admission to kindergarten, is not a vaccination, but a test that allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccination against tuberculosis.

The Mantoux test is performed on children annually, starting at 12 months of age. A minimum dose of tuberculin is injected intradermally into the forearm using a special tuberculin syringe. This procedure is carried out to identify:

• primary infected with tubercle bacilli;
• patients infected within the last year;
• infected children who show no signs of illness;
• confirming the diagnosis;
• identifying children who need booster vaccinations.

Don't be afraid of this procedure. The administered tuberculin is not capable of causing harm to the body, but there are still some contraindications for performing the Mantoux test:

• skin diseases;
• acute infectious and somatic diseases;
• allergic reaction to components.

If its result turns out to be negative, i.e. no local reaction will appear at the injection site: redness, infiltration (papules), the doctor will suggest revaccination.

An alarming signal for the doctor is a change in the test result compared to previous data: if after a negative result a positive result is detected, the size of the papule has increased, a hyperergic reaction is noted (more than 17 mm in diameter) - this may indicate a recent infection of the body with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What is vaccination and how did it come about?

Vaccination is a medical injection that can protect a person from various diseases. During vaccination, special pathogens of a dead or weakened type, as well as biosynthetic compounds, are introduced into the body.

The vaccine can be administered in this way:

• intramuscularly;
• intradermally;
• subcutaneously;
• through the mouth.

After the medicine enters the body, the immune system begins to produce protective antibodies that fight the introduced antigens. During injection, weak pathogens enter the body , which is why a person cannot get sick. Thus, antibodies remain for a long time, and during an outbreak of disease, they begin their work to destroy pests.

To renew the immune system, a repeat procedure is carried out over time - revaccination.

Intramuscular injections

For such injections, choose the thigh area or the deltoid muscle of the arm. For children under one year of age, the vaccine is injected into the thigh , since this is where the most muscle is. If several vaccines are administered at once, you can take the thigh and arm.

For children over one year old, the vaccine is injected into the deltoid muscle, and adults are also given the injection in the same way.

Intradermal injections

Vaccination in this way takes place by injecting the medicine into the outer part of the upper arm. In this way, a vaccine with a small amount of antigen is usually administered, which is why it should be injected into the skin. If the solution gets under the skin, the immune response will be weaker.

Subcutaneous administration

Subcutaneous administration is used for infants in the thigh and deltoid area of ​​the arm. In adults, the injection is given into the subscapularis.

Oral administration

Thus, it is not recommended to vaccinate young children, since some of the drug may spill out due to the baby’s fear. If the child spits out or pulls out part of the drug, then after 10-15 minutes the injection is repeated.

The history of vaccination

The idea of ​​vaccination first appeared in the 3rd century in China. At this time, humanity was swept by a smallpox epidemic. Chinese doctors mastered the technique of inoculation, the essence of which was to deliberately charge a person in order to develop immunity to disease.

The method came to Europe in the 15th century. Inoculation began to be actively used in medicine.

In the 15th century, Louis Pasteur began to explore the method of vaccination through grafting. In 1885, Pasteur saved a little boy from being bitten by a rabid dog by injection. This case marked the beginning of a new branch in the history of medicine. The doctor carried out active work on the theory of infectious diseases.

In the 20th century, vaccinations against measles, rubella, influenza, hepatitis, diphtheria, and tuberculosis were actively developed and studied.

Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus

The DTP vaccine successfully protects against three dangerous diseases: whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. Adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus toxoid has a complex composition: it contains killed cells of pathogens of three dangerous diseases, which determines the achievement of the desired result. To achieve the desired result, vaccination is carried out in three stages, starting from 3 months of age (every 1.5 months).

This vaccine has attracted a lot of criticism in the past because it often causes complications such as high fever, cramps, pain and severe swelling at the injection site. The new version of the acellular DPT vaccine is free of these shortcomings, and children tolerate it much easier.

However, parents need to take into account that in the first three days after vaccination, the temperature may rise to 38.5˚C and local infiltration may develop (more often if the injection was in the buttock). The baby may refuse to eat and be capricious. If the temperature rises above 38.5˚C, which cannot be reduced with antipyretic drugs, or if convulsions, vomiting or other complications occur, call a doctor immediately.

Contraindications for repeated DTP vaccination:

• swelling and redness at the injection site exceeded 8 cm;
• convulsions or fever above 39.5-40˚C during the first stage of vaccination;
• other neurological disorders;
• allergic reaction.

In some cases, the DTP vaccine is replaced with ADS-toxoid (without the pertussis component, with a lower dose of toxoid).

Why do you need to have mandatory vaccinations based on age?

Vaccine prevention is one of the areas of medicine that is a topic of lively debate. According to the majority of specialized doctors (infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists), vaccination is the most effective and safe way to protect people from contracting infections. Reputable doctors consider mass immunization to be the main achievement of specialized science, which has made it possible to extend the average age of a modern person by decades. Unfortunately, the progressive public is faced with the need to debunk multiple myths that have arisen around this universal preventative technology. Their sources are the growing anti-vaccination movement, distortion of facts in the media and the Internet. The consequence is a widespread refusal of parents to vaccinate their children.

Every child needs vaccinations, because even if you want to, you cannot completely isolate him from society. Even if he does not attend kindergarten or switches to homeschooling during his school years, friends and relatives will come home, and his parents probably work in teams. Every person, to one degree or another, is socialized and is a carrier of infections. Anti-vaxxers claim that strengthening the immune system through hardening and eating healthy foods will help avoid disease. But that's not true. The strength of the immune system against diseases such as measles, tetanus, diphtheria and others does not matter.

A child who has not been vaccinated in due time will suffer a more severe disease if infected and, in addition, will himself become a source of infection. Thus, failure to vaccinate is dangerous both for the baby himself and for those around him. Although if he is in a group where everyone is vaccinated, he is not at risk of the disease, since there are not enough carriers for its development.

But when traveling to another country, the baby is at risk because he is vulnerable to viruses and bacteria. The only cure for infections is vaccination. She has already helped defeat some deadly diseases, for example, tuberculosis, which was incurable.

Vaccination helps develop immunity against the disease. This means that the risk of infection is minimized, and if you do get sick, it goes away more easily. Vaccination will eliminate the need to miss classes in kindergarten and school, and will save parents from the need to take sick leave for care.

Vaccination against polio

Doctors combine DPT vaccination with polio vaccination. It has been included in the vaccination calendar since 2002. Vaccination is carried out in three stages: 3; 4.5; and 6 months. Revaccination is carried out at 12.5 and 14 years. It is given to infants in the form of drops through the mouth. Depending on the type of vaccine, 2-4 drops are enough.

Within an hour after vaccination, you should not feed or water your child. For a month, you need to limit his contacts with other children. Children usually tolerate vaccination easily, but sometimes in the second week after vaccination the temperature may rise to 37.5˚C.

In some cases, your doctor may suggest vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine (Salk IPV). This vaccine is administered intramuscularly. Inactivated vaccines are considered safer, so they are given even to weakened children, and a vaccinated child cannot become a source of infection, as is the case with a live vaccine.

Vaccination methods

Vaccination of children, in accordance with Russian legislation, is carried out both for the purpose of prevention and treatment of diseases. Today, many parents are categorically against vaccinations, as they believe that they can harm their babies. When deciding to refuse routine vaccination, you need to be aware of all the consequences and problems that you may encounter.

Vaccination of children in Russia can be carried out in several ways, depending on the type of vaccination. The most common method of administration is intramuscular , which allows you to achieve maximum effect.

Antigens introduced in this way quickly spread through the bloodstream, and children quickly begin to develop immunity to a specific disease.

Preoral administration of the vaccine involves the introduction of an infection of enterovirus origin (poliomyelitis). The subcutaneous method of vaccinating a child is advisable only for live vaccines, fever (yellow), mumps, rubella, measles, etc. The cutaneous and intradermal method of vaccination is carried out with the introduction of a dry tularemia vaccine and the following antigens: BCG, bacillus Calmette-Guerin, smallpox.

There is another method of vaccinating children in Russia, which does not lead to the development of stable immunity to diseases. The intranasal method of vaccination (through the nose) involves the use of vaccinations made on the basis of ointments, creams, aerosols and aqueous solutions.

Such vaccination allows for a short period of time to create a barrier to harmful microorganisms that enter the body of children through airborne droplets (rubella, measles, influenza).

Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella

The mumps, rubella and measles vaccine helped control the worldwide measles epidemic and allowed millions of children to avoid a serious threat. The child is vaccinated for the first time at the age of 12 months, the next revaccination is at 6 years. If for any reason the vaccination was not done on time, it is carried out at 13 years of age. Vaccination against these infections is done subcutaneously: 2 injections (associated vaccine) or one injection if a monovaccine is used.

This vaccination is tolerated quite easily; only during the first two days a local reaction in the form of redness and slight swelling may occur. In the period from 5 to 14 days after vaccination, cough, runny nose, fever, and redness of the throat may appear. From the 14th to the 21st day, swelling of the salivary glands and enlargement of the lymph nodes may be observed, then all symptoms disappear.

If you have vaccinated your child against measles, protect him from contact with children to avoid concomitant infection. Adolescents and adults are more susceptible to this vaccination than young children, so it is better to vaccinate within the recommended time frame.

Video vaccination calendar

The vaccination schedule is a system for the rational use of vaccines to ensure the development of immunity at an early age in a short time. It consists of 2 parts.

The first part describes the vaccination schedule against infections spread by airborne droplets ( measles , rubella , mumps, whooping cough , chickenpox, diphtheria and influenza ), as well as against infections with a high mortality rate ( hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, polio, tetanus , hemophilus influenzae b).

The second part of the calendar lists vaccinations prescribed for epidemic indications - against focal (tick-borne encephalitis , leptospirosis, etc.) and against zoonotic infections (brucellosis, tularemia, anthrax). This includes vaccinations for people who have a high probability of getting sick, and also pose a danger to others (hepatitis A, cholera, typhoid fever).

In the Russian vaccination calendar there is no mandatory vaccination against chickenpox, rotavirus infection , or HPV; vaccination against Hib is necessary only for representatives of risk groups, against hepatitis A - according to epidemiological indications; no 2nd revaccination against whooping cough; There are few combination vaccines.

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List of vaccinations for kindergarten

Parents, when deciding to refuse vaccination, should understand that this may cause problems in the future. The heads of children's institutions have the right to refuse to accept an unvaccinated child into kindergarten; Before entering school or going to a children's camp, you will also need to receive mandatory and some additional vaccinations.

• routine vaccinations: BCG, DTP, rubella, measles, mumps, polio;
• additional vaccinations: against pneumococcal, meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae infections, as well as seasonal influenza vaccination;
• If the child did not have chickenpox before entering kindergarten, he will need to be vaccinated against this disease.

Is it mandatory to vaccinate children? Is it possible to refuse?

Parents who have decided not to give their children routine vaccinations should carefully study the legislation in force in Russia. In accordance with the regulations of Article 11 of the law of September 17, 1998. No. 157 of the Federal Law, any vaccinations for children under the age of majority must be done only with the consent of their parents. Using the same legal act (Article 5), routine vaccination can be refused directly in the maternity hospital.

In order to legally not participate in vaccinations in Russia, parents need to know what documents need to be filled out and where they should be submitted. First of all, you need to draw up a statement in two copies, which requires you to indicate that the parents refuse to vaccinate their children.

On the second form of the document, a representative of the institution where the application is submitted (maternity hospital, school, kindergarten, etc.) must put a receipt stamp, indicate the date, incoming registration number and signature. If parents decide to send their waiver by mail, they must include the form in certified mail, complete an inventory, and provide a notice. Read more about how to refuse vaccination for a child →

Summary

Of course, no vaccination can provide 100% protection against the disease, but in vaccinated children, infectious diseases are much easier, and the risk of severe complications is significantly reduced.
The greatest effect is achieved by vaccinations for which the antibody titer in the blood is subsequently checked: this analysis makes it possible to find out whether the vaccination has fulfilled its purpose and, if necessary, to vaccinate again. If parents doubt the advisability of vaccination, they can undergo immunodiagnostics to assess the immune status and degree of protection of the child from infectious diseases. To do this, you need to visit an immunologist and get a referral from him to a diagnostic laboratory; the analysis itself is done for a fee. However, this will be the most reasonable way out of a difficult situation. Data from a diagnostic study will help parents be convinced that they are right or will become a compelling argument in favor of vaccination.

Problems that may arise if children do not have routine vaccinations

Today, for many parents, the issue of childhood vaccination is an urgent one. Many people do not know whether or not to get mandatory vaccinations. This is due to the fact that the number of children who have complications after routine vaccinations increases every year.

As a result, more and more families are deciding not to vaccinate their children. By deliberately taking such a risk, they may encounter problems when registering their children for kindergarten or school, or when traveling to sanatoriums or summer camps.

The legislation in force in the Russian Federation does not force children to undergo mandatory vaccination. Only their parents have the right to decide this issue. If a family decides not to vaccinate their child, they may only encounter temporary difficulties when enrolling him in a kindergarten or educational institution.

The Directorate has no legal grounds to refuse admission to unvaccinated children. Parents can receive a temporary refusal only if, at the time of registration of documents, there is a mass illness of children (infectious or viral) in the institution.

In practice, the management of schools and kindergartens usually tries in every possible way to prevent such children from joining the group, since they pose a “threat” of epidemics and outbreaks of serious diseases. Managers either do not accept medical cards without notes on scheduled vaccinations at all, or they blame their reluctance to register a child who did not participate in vaccination by the lack of available places.

The Sanitary and Epidemiological Station closely monitors that children without vaccinations are not admitted to preschool institutions. It is also worth noting that in Russia, during a mandatory medical examination before a kindergarten or school, health care workers may refuse to sign the card of a child who has not received routine vaccinations.

If parents still want to exercise their constitutional right to freedom to decide whether to vaccinate their children, they can do the following:

1. Write a statement to the head physician of a medical institution whose employee refuses to sign the child’s medical record.
2. If the management of the clinic refuses to resolve the issue peacefully, parents should submit an application to the prosecutor's office.
3. At the same time, it is recommended to write a complaint to the local Health Department.
4. In the event that children do not want to be admitted to a kindergarten or school, parents need to submit a request to the institution, demanding to indicate the reason for the refusal. Management is obliged to respond to such a request and respond in writing. If they refer to the lack of vacancies, then after such a response, other children can be admitted to the institution only after notifying the parents of the unvaccinated child about the vacancy. They are also advised to write a complaint to the directorate of the kindergarten or school, and to the education department.

When planning vacations and recreational activities in Russia and abroad, parents of unvaccinated children need to remember that in sanatoriums and summer camps it is necessary to issue certificates of epidemic welfare and vaccination certificates.

Author: Savenko Ilona

What to do if your child is 6 years old and has no vaccinations?

Some parents use their right to refuse vaccination and make this decision even before the baby is born. This decision is justified by the danger or uselessness of immunization. But the child grows, develops and exists in a team. At the age of six, before entering school, you need to understand that the risk of infection increases as children become independent. They do not always remember to wash their hands and neglect hygiene rules.

Parents should think about protecting their children, especially those who have not attended kindergarten. Vaccinations against measles, rubella, tetanus, and polio for children are very important. Sometimes, without them, a child may not be enrolled in first grade. This is not entirely legal, however, unvaccinated children are a source of disease, so they may be prohibited from attending classes during an epidemic. By the way, in some countries, including neighboring countries, the ban on unvaccinated pupils attending kindergartens and secondary schools is enshrined in law.

It may be better to change your mind regarding vaccination, especially since at the age of six this process is somewhat simplified.

DTP does not need to be administered three times. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines can be used separately. It is no longer necessary to be vaccinated against whooping cough. DTP is not given if the child has already suffered from illness, but it is still better not to risk it.

Vaccinations against measles, rubella and mumps may be discontinued for medical reasons per year. But by the age of 6-7 years the body has already become stronger, so it is worth getting vaccinated. These diseases not only threaten children's health, but are also dangerous for adults. Vaccination is an effective prevention.

We have never heard of the rotavirus vaccine. Why is it needed?

The RotaTek vaccine is used for vaccination against rotavirus. These are drops in the mouth, not an injection. Rotavirus enteritis can be a very dangerous disease for infants and children under 5 years of age. The mortality rate with it is not so low - 3%, and in children under one year old, even a moderate course threatens with rapid dehydration. RotaTek reduces the likelihood of disease (protection efficiency is 98% in the first season, then 70%) and makes the course of the disease easier, protecting against dangerous complications. Therefore, it is better to vaccinate your child, especially since complications from this vaccination occur infrequently.

List of contraindications for routine immunization

Any vaccine has a number of contraindications. You need to be especially careful when immunizing infants. One-year-old children are very sensitive and weak. Therefore, it is necessary to know the conditions in which it is better not to vaccinate.

Routine vaccinations are prohibited in the following cases:

• elevated temperature;
• diathesis;
• cold;
• prematurity;
• acute course of a disease of any nature;
• development of a severe reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine;
• vaccine intolerance;
• aggravated neurological and mental disorders;
• general poor health;
• severe blood pathologies;
• cancer;
• state of immunodeficiency.

The presence of contraindications can be identified through examination and examination. Children who are temporarily or permanently prohibited from vaccination are given a medical exemption.

Preparing children for vaccination

1. Only healthy children are allowed to be vaccinated. It is advisable to avoid places with a lot of people and not change your diet a few days before the procedure. Active contact with people is undesirable, since the baby may get sick, and along with vaccination, the disease can take a severe form. The child should be at rest, get enough sleep and eat his usual food , since new complementary foods can cause allergies, which will intensify due to the injection.
2. If a child often exhibits allergies, then vaccination is allowed if there have been no attacks for 3 weeks.
3. In the morning, before vaccination, the baby must cleanse his intestines. This is because constipation makes the vaccine less tolerable.
4. Before vaccination, it is necessary to monitor the baby’s condition. He must be healthy. If signs of a cold or other illness are noticeable, it is better to postpone vaccination until recovery.
5. At the clinic, before vaccination, it is better not to wait in line in the corridor, as the chance of catching an infection increases. The best solution would be to walk outside.
6. After vaccination, it is necessary to monitor the child’s health; if there are complaints, immediately contact the clinic.
7. It is not recommended to give an injection in extreme heat or cold , or during an epidemic.
8. While at home, in the first days after vaccination, you should ensure your child’s comfort.
9. In the manipulation room, you should not hesitate to ask the doctor the name of the drug for vaccination, its side effects, storage rules and expiration date. These points are very important for the baby's health.
10. If the temperature rises after vaccination, it should be brought down with antipyretic drugs. If the injection site is hard, you can apply an iodine mesh.

You can learn how and when to give your baby an iodine supplement after vaccination from this video:

If other symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor.

What should be the intervals between vaccinations?

It has been established that longer than recommended intervals between vaccine doses do not significantly reduce the antibody response. In this regard, interruption of the immunization schedule does not require the restoration of the full vaccination series or the addition of additional doses of the vaccine. However, administering doses of vaccines or toxoids at shorter than recommended intervals may reduce the antibody response and should therefore be avoided. This is especially important for primary immunization.

The minimum interval is 1 month; after the administration of some live vaccines, the next vaccination can be administered only after 2 months; the correct sequence and duration of intervals is determined by the doctor in each specific situation.

Table of contents:

• What is a vaccination calendar?
• What should a child be vaccinated and when?
• In what cases are test results required for admission to vaccination?
• Why do children need to be vaccinated so early? Is it possible to postpone vaccination?
• In what cases should vaccination not be carried out?
• How does a reaction to a vaccine differ from complications?
• Is it possible to get sick from a vaccine against the disease against which it is given?
• Why should I vaccinate my child if everyone around me is vaccinated?
• “I heard a story: a healthy child was vaccinated, and after that he became seriously ill and became disabled”
• Why get vaccinated against chickenpox? After all, this is a mild childhood illness.
• The meningococcal vaccine is very expensive. Is it really necessary?
• Why is it better to choose a vaccine with a component that protects against Haemophilus influenzae infection?
• Why is it necessary to vaccinate a child against pneumococcus?
• We have never heard of the rotavirus vaccine. Why is it needed?
• How many vaccines can be given at one time?
• What should be the intervals between vaccinations?

Copulation

Copulation is the grafting of a cutting, which in thickness corresponds to a thin rootstock (less than 1.5 cm in diameter), usually a wild one. It is carried out in the spring, 2 weeks before bud break in the garden and indoors in winter. For the grafting to be successful, it is important that the rootstock has just begun to wake up, and the scion is still dormant, so cuttings for it are prepared in the fall, late winter or early spring.

There are two types of copulation - simple and improved. In simple copulation, oblique (at an angle of 20-25°) sections of the rootstock and scion of the same area are compared and fixed. The contact area should be 3-5 times the cross-sectional area of ​​the rootstock. An oblique cut is made on the cutting, 1 cm down from the last of the 2-4 buds selected for growth. The acute angle of the cut should be located under the bud, and the obtuse angle should be located above it.

If the cuts are correct, then the rootstock and scion match exactly, forming a single branch. The grafting site is tied with a tape 0.5-1 cm wide with overlapping rounds. It is important not to displace the associated cambium and not to close the adjacent bud.

For improved copulation, oblique cuts of the rootstock and scion are split lengthwise to form tongues. The cuts are made approximately 1-1.2 cm deep, retreating from the upper and lower edges of the elongated cut by a third. Then the ends of the rootstock and scion are matched like a lock.

With the help of double grafting, you can get a frost-adapted plant with a compact crown. First, a cutting with two buds is grafted onto a clonal rootstock cutting, and then the resulting material is grafted onto a seedling rootstock. The grafted plant is also tied with overlapping tape rounds. The upper cut of the grafted cutting is always covered with garden varnish.

The dangers of refusing vaccinations

• the child is defenseless against dangerous infections;
• any contact with a virus or bacteria carrier causes a milder or more severe form of the disease;
• With many infections, re-infection is possible even after illness;
• Without a medical card with vaccination records, a child is temporarily not allowed to enter a kindergarten, school, or health camp;
• In the absence of the necessary vaccinations, travel to a country where preventive vaccination is mandatory is prohibited.

Many infectious diseases in adults are more severe than in childhood. In the absence of vaccination, the risk of infection increases when in contact with a sick person, and severe complications often develop.

The results of mass refusal to vaccinate led to epidemics:

• Smallpox in Stockholm in 1873-1874, when the number of vaccinated people sharply decreased from 90% to 40%.
• Whooping cough in Great Britain in the 70-80s of the last century, when, after another dispute about the benefits and harms of vaccination, the number of vaccinated people decreased from 81% to 31%.
• Whooping cough in Sweden from 1976 to 1996 due to a moratorium on childhood vaccinations imposed by the authorities, a high mortality rate was avoided due to the abolition of restrictions on vaccinations.
• Diphtheria in the CIS countries in the period from 1990 to 1999, when, along with the general decline in health care, there was a massive refusal of vaccination. As a result, about 5 thousand of the 150 thousand people infected died from diphtheria.
• Measles in the Netherlands in 1999-2000, when an outbreak of the disease occurred in religious communities where the benefits of vaccination were denied.
• Measles in Dublin (Ireland) in 2000 and again due to mass refusal of vaccinations.
• Diphtheria, polio and measles in Nigeria from 2001 to the present. The terrifying situation was provoked by the leadership of the northern part of the country. The governor of Kano state, a religious conservative and anti-vaccination advocate, has recommended that his citizens refuse vaccinations. As a result, these territories became “suppliers” of infection for all their neighbors. Unfortunately, to this day in Nigeria they are wary of so-called Western medicine and vaccination. People continue to die, and the worst thing is that the largest percentage of deaths occur among young children.
• Measles in India in 2005, due to refusal to vaccinate children, a generation grew up vulnerable to the disease.
• Polio in the territories of Pakistan and Afghanistan controlled by the Islamist Taliban movement. The disease has been rampant there to this day due to a ban on vaccination financed from the budget of Western states, with which the authorities in this region are in a state of armed conflict.

Immunity

Immunity involves the body's fight against infectious diseases and foreign proteins. Conventionally, it can be divided into general and specific. By general we mean all the body’s defense systems - from the lymphatic system to the skin and mucous membranes.

General immunity may be strong enough to resist diseases against which a child is vaccinated, but not always. To fight specific infections, certain antibodies are needed, which are produced by specific immunity.

Vaccination is involved in its formation: just as during illness, after the administration of serum, the body begins to produce antibodies against infection. Vaccination does not guarantee 100% that a vaccinated child will not get sick during an epidemic, but if this happens, he will survive the disease easier, since he will have the appropriate antibodies in his blood.

Calendar of preventive vaccinations among children of the first year of life

The annual injection schedule for children usually remains the same. Changes may be made regarding the vaccination procedure in different regions. Below is a table that includes a list of vaccinations for children in 2019 (schedule and schedule by age).

You may be interested in: Mantoux reaction: size and norm in children
All vaccinations for infants are given exclusively in a hospital setting after a medical examination.

If there are any contraindications, newborns may develop serious negative consequences, often incompatible with life.

How to find out which vaccination and when to do it

All information about immunization can be obtained from your local pediatrician. He must tell his parents everything in detail - about vaccinations, medications, their side effects. In addition, a specialist is required to examine the child to identify possible contraindications.

All information about scheduled vaccinations is contained in the vaccination calendar. It is a list of procedures indicating the recommended time of administration of each vaccine. This schedule is not mandatory and deadlines may change. Sometimes it may happen that during the next vaccination the child gets sick, then the procedure will be postponed. There's nothing wrong with that.

Some parents refuse vaccinations until they are two years old, only then do they agree to receive the vaccines as planned. This is their voluntary decision, which has the right to exist.

Where can you get vaccinated?

Routine vaccinations are given at the local clinic. Usually the local nurse warns in advance about the need for the procedure. At the appointment, the pediatrician examines the child. Before DTP you need to take tests. If everything is normal, the baby is healthy, he has no contraindications, the procedure is carried out in the vaccination room. It's absolutely free. True, you do not have to choose a drug; vaccination is carried out using available medications.

Another option is a private medical center. Such an organization must have permission to conduct immunization. Here the pediatrician will also examine the child and prescribe tests. You will have to pay for the appointment and procedure. Parents can choose a drug from those offered or purchase it themselves.

The reaction to the vaccine does not depend on where the procedure is performed. It varies depending on the drug used. For example, complications from Pentaxim are less common than after a domestic similar drug.

Doctors recommend taking the issue of vaccination seriously. This is especially true for preschoolers, because they will have to quickly join a new team where any virus may appear. Therefore, the task of parents is to protect the child. If everyone is vaccinated, the disease can be avoided.

Complications after vaccinations

If we talk about complications that occur after vaccination, then in the vast majority of cases there is nothing wrong with adverse reactions to vaccination. They usually signal that the body has accepted the challenge and is actively fighting the uninvited guest, that is, the virus.

Doctors divide adverse reactions into local and general. The former occur at the injection site, the latter affect the entire body. Both of them are most often harmless; the body copes with them on its own within 2–3 days.

A local reaction to the vaccine is manifested by redness, slight pain or swelling in the area where the needle entered. This is a protective reaction to the penetration of foreign substances into the baby’s body. Sometimes manufacturers deliberately provoke a local reaction by introducing special substances into the drug - adjuvants. The more active the inflammation, the more cells will become familiar with the “aggressor” that has penetrated inside, which means that the immune system will be more actively formed. Typically, adjuvants are contained in “dead” vaccines; the body responds quite violently to “live” ones even without them.

Common reactions to the vaccine include increased body temperature, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, drowsiness, and lethargy. An increase in temperature means that the immune system of the “alien” has noticed and is actively fighting it. In order not to disturb her, the baby is given an antipyretic only if the thermometer shows more than 38.5 °C.

If local and general reactions persist longer than 2-3 days, you should definitely consult a doctor. When it is impossible to bring down the temperature and the child’s condition worsens, call an ambulance. Typically, such complications develop during vaccination against a background of weakened immunity. Since fever in very young children can be asymptomatic, pediatricians recommend measuring it within 2-3 days after vaccination and monitoring the child’s behavior, sleep and appetite.

Vaccination schedule for children under one year of age in Russia

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Vaccination - how it works

Each of us is surrounded every minute by many microbes and bacteria. They get into our hands not only, but also into our stomachs along with food, and into our mouths and noses along with the air. Most of them do not pose any danger to humans, and the body itself copes with the uninvited guest, developing specific immunity.

Typically, immunity develops against the background of the first illness. But in the modern world, we have learned to resist the disease itself, because it can often cause lasting harm to a person, and even kill. In order for our body to be ready to attack a particular virus or disease, it needs to develop immunity. This is precisely why vaccinations are done, the main purpose of which is to introduce a weakened pathogenic microbe into the human body, which will give impetus to the development of immunity against the present disease.

Budding

Budding - grafting a piece of bark with a bud (eye). This is the most economical way to propagate fruit tree varieties, as it allows you to obtain a large amount of grafting material from one plant. Vaccination is carried out quickly, and the survival rate of the scion is very high. Budding is possible if the rootstock has thin, smooth and elastic bark in the place chosen for grafting.

Budding is carried out in two ways: in the butt and behind the bark in a T-shaped incision. The first method is used before and during the period of active movement of juices in plants.

Not all buds are suitable for budding, but only those that ensure future growth and fruiting. For example, from apple trees they are harvested exclusively from the middle part of the cuttings. In pears, buds from the upper and middle parts of the cuttings are suitable for grafting. It is important that the cuttings are freshly cut or stored in the refrigerator for no more than 10 days.

On the bark of the rootstock, a wide incision 2.5-3 cm long is made longitudinally with a knife, deeper at the end and corresponding in width to the eye. The upper third of the separated tissue is trimmed. Buds for grafting are cut from cuttings. First, 1.2-1.3 cm below the selected bud on the cutting, a transverse incision is made into the bark and a small layer of wood at an angle. Then, retreating 1.2-1.3 cm above the bud, use a knife to cut the bark towards the cut and slightly deeper into the wood. As a result, a wedge-shaped piece of wood is separated, covered with more extensive bark and with a bud. It is applied to the exposed wood on the rootstock and covered with a separated strip of bark. The vaccination site is tied, but it is permissible to close the kidney.

The second method of budding is used only during the period of active sap flow of plants. A T-shaped cut is made on the rootstock bark. First, the bark is cut horizontally by 1.5 cm, then vertically by 2.5-3 cm. The corners of the cut bark are bent with a knife blade. The bark is then separated from the wood using the protrusion of a budding knife. It is important not to damage the underlying cambium layer.

A peephole with a bud is inserted into the incision and the bent part of the bark is pressed on top. If the eye does not completely fit into the cut, then it is cut from above without removing it. The grafting site is tied with a tape approximately 1.5 cm wide, leaving the bud open. If after 10-15 days the bud dries out, then the grafting is repeated in another place.

Types of vaccination

All vaccines differ in composition and therapeutic effect; the drugs are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, less often – orally or nasally.

Types of vaccines:

1. Live vaccines contain a mixture of strains of pathogenic microorganisms weakened in various ways.
2. Inactivated vaccines - pathogenic microbes are killed with alcohol, formaldehyde, and high temperatures. Such vaccinations are indicated for weakened children, but they often cause severe allergies.
3. Toxoids – the composition contains toxins from bacteria processed in a special way.

After the initial administration of the drug, the level of antibodies gradually decreases, in order to resume the production of immunoglobulins, revaccination is carried out.

Why is vaccination carried out?

A vaccine is a medical product that contains live, weakened or dead microbes; after vaccination, the body begins to produce specific antibodies, forming a stable immunity against the corresponding pathologies.

Why you need to get vaccinated:

• after vaccination, the body of newborn children learns to fight pathogenic microbes and quickly recognize foreign bacteria and viruses;
• immune memory is formed - the body remembers all the bacteria and viruses that it managed to cope with;
• revaccination – repeated administration of the vaccine contributes to the formation of long-term or lifelong immunity.

Even if an unvaccinated child gets sick with whooping cough, rubella, tetanus, viral hepatitis, rubella, he does not develop specific immunity, which means there remains a risk of relapse of the disease. Only after the vaccine is administered are children reliably protected from specific viruses and bacteria.

Each pediatrician keeps a vaccination diary, all vaccinations are recorded in the child’s card and the population vaccination register. Most of the main vaccines, according to the schedule, are administered to babies from birth to 1 year, after a year revaccination begins. When moving to another city, or if the card is lost, each parent has the right to make an official request for vaccinations.

Important! Vaccinations in a kindergarten or school can be given to a child only after receiving written permission from parents or legal representatives.

Mandatory vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age

baby's leg. At the same time, the child is given Over time and among the baby’s relatives these dangerous diseases.​ months up to 3​ there are increased risks) (revaccination):​ threaten such serious​ further this procedure,​ vaccination:​ airborne spread drip method​6​3rd​ protective protein obtained

in thought. Before the child is six months old, the doctor compresses a certificate, which explains that due to the development of medicine, scientists do not have infected people. However, this is why the district police officer prescribes vaccination against hemophilus influenzae: pathologies such as cirrhosis, there are the following recommendations: True, that is, those (during the conversation, Tuberculosis

Inoculation or vaccine

​4th​ using the direct chemical method, how to adjoin the dead vaccine is injected with two fingers into the skin, the reason for the release. It’s worth starting to create special ones, introducing a lighter version of vaccination and conducting a pediatrician examining the child with sticks at 18 months or cancer. Whooping cough requires blood tests which are proven to be different when coughing, sneezing

Vaccination of children

​All children of this age​Hepatitis B​synthesis to any of​poliomyelitis. In order to note that in

​vaccines from​ this vaccine -​ in the first year.​ before each vaccination.​ The vaccine is also administered​ at 20 months​ is very dangerous for​ and urine;​ studies and are listed​

Conditions for vaccination

​, etc.).​ categories​The first 24 hours of life​Vaccination of children is carried out in the following​ groups, it is necessary to understand​ this time the body​ reduce the pain effect.​ in this case of a baby​ or other illness.​ BCG-M.​ Important , so that if there are suspicions three times about the Third of babies under one year old, obtain the conclusions of a pediatric neurologist

Vaccine exemption

​ in official Russian​ Temperature rises to​ on the 3-7th day​ In the 1st month​ in ways:​ the concept of “vaccination”​ will have to cope with​ Reactions to this​ must be taken into​ Having been vaccinated, you can​ With two months relative to the moment when for problems at the same age when Hepatitis B (not vaccinated as an allergist is capable of; and international instructions. 39-40 oC. Symptoms of Hepatitis B 2 months ​Intramuscular injections: most preferred​

​and get acquainted with live bacteria, which are usually not vaccinated in a preschool, do not be afraid to catch it, recently they began to vaccinate, the risks of infection will increase in health, then before

Timing of vaccination

​ and DPT. Exist​ previously):​ cause suffocation and​ do not feed the child before​ False ones created by opponents of vaccination.​ the following: intoxication, rash,​ All children of this age​ -​ method of administering vaccines​ presented by the material. We are taken orally. Afterwards it is observed. However, before

Vaccination in the maternity hospital

​since refusal​ is quite a serious disease.​ from pneumococcal infection.​ (the child will begin to actively​ vaccinate the child with​ combined drugs that allow​ the 0-1-6​ scheme to affect the brain. Without​ vaccinating a new​ Absolute - refer to​ damage to the mucous membrane​ category​ Per year​ since in​ we will consider all the main​ such vaccinations cannot​ be​ vaccination, the baby should​ have suffered from the vaccination​ It is worth noting that vaccination​ The second dose to study the world around​ show to a neurologist or do only 1 ​Flu:​

​Hemophilus​ is less dangerous for him with food;​ true contraindications, for​ the nose and larynx​ the first vaccination​ Children at risk​ in this case​ they​ are​ vaccinated for up to a year​ to​ be fed and watered​ to be absolutely healthy.​ on the recommendation of a doctor.​ in Russia​ a​ child​ is given​ an anti-pneumococcal vaccine​ and communicate with​ an immunologist​.

First vaccinations at the clinic

(runny nose, cough, sneezing, 4.5​ by a large number of people), It is also recommended to donate blood to several vaccines, their Measles, rubella (which is difficult for those not vaccinated)

​even if​ it is completely.​ photophobia).​vaccination​ Eberbiovak​ begins to be produced faster,​ without fail, and​ half an hour.​ suggests that​ up to 3 years​ doctors insist on​

Vaccinations at 3 months

​ months.​ the baby has already​ and the baby’s urine is injected into different​ previously):​ treatment and often​ a comic form;​ Conditional (relative) - refers to​ Rubella - a viral infection.​ repeated re-vaccination​ N-B- Vax II, Hepatect, Vaccine

​ At the same time, which are additional), When the baby has reached the age that the next vaccination does not apply to vaccinations, they convince Three-month-old babies to immediately face protection from such for analysis. If parts of the body. In​one-time lethal lung lesions,​take with you to the​true contraindications,​Spreads by airborne droplets.​Children at risk of​ hepatitis B, specific​ risk of allergic​ and also get acquainted​ one year, it​ is carried out exactly in seriously ill children. When people have several new infections.

​ the baby has an increased​ 18 months DTP​ Hemophilus​ infection of the ear, meninges,​ vaccination with a favorite toy​ for which the solution​ Children are easier than​ repeated re-vaccination​ human immunoglobulins​ reactions.​ with a list of vaccines​,​ get vaccinated against​ three months of life​ receiving disability (temporary​

Repeated vaccine: DTP and polio

​that they are needed.​ vaccines. It is at the age of the child that there is a risk of an allergic reaction, and the vaccine against (if there are indications of the heart and other children and the child is clear about vaccination, adults suffer from the disease.

​repeated re-vaccination​ - Oral method. Thus carried out after reaching measles, rubella and a child. With this or constant) vaccination. There is a specific schedule of vaccinations. At this age they begin. Against what infection is it carried out? Haemophilus influenzae infection is administered in a few days

Vaccination at six months

​for children who are before​ the baby's organs.​ a diaper or a sheet;​ the doctor takes it, based on​ the symptoms are as follows: mild​ pneumococcal infection​ At six months​ a vaccine against​

​ one year old.​ mumps. A mandatory condition for introducing a substance is to be postponed for an indefinite period. Children under 3 are vaccinated against diphtheria, vaccination before vaccination can be done again (they are not vaccinated): Many parents doubt, do not forget to provide a vaccination certificate

First year of life

​ on the history of clinical​ fever, rash,​ All children of this age​ -​ enterovirus infections, which​ First records of​ the​ injection,​ no contraindications and​ term.​ years. In the absence of whooping cough, as well as in the first 24 hours, start giving an antihistamine

​ first revaccination). If​the​ one-time vaccinations​ (if any);​ patient records and​

One and a half years: DPT and polio

​ swollen lymph nodes.​ categories​ Children outside the risk group​ in the form of drops,​ vaccinations date back to the 8th​ under the shoulder blade or​ break between administrations​ Vaccination schedule for children up to​

Vaccination of many children with tetanus. Also a three-month Hepatitis B remedy, continuing it

Two years

​ the child was not vaccinated​ In addition to vaccinations from 12​ early, because​ discuss with the doctor the current epidemic situation.​ If the child gets sick​ first vaccination​

​Tuberculosis​ with sugar or​ eyelid. Then in the child’s leg. the drug is no less

Conclusion

​ 3 years of age, they don’t take in​ babies and are vaccinated, from 3 to 7​ and in​ months against hemophilus influenzae, children are also assured that the babies have any questions and are temporary, that is, the presence of

​ rubella in the womb​ re-vaccination​ 3-7th day of​ cracker is swallowed by the patient.​ time ancient Indian healers​ It is worth noting that​ 45 days.​ from several vaccines.​ kindergartens and​ day of life that protects against polio ​within two days​ to 6 months,​ they begin to spend​ up to 3 years of​ doubts annually;​ in the patient's​ mother, then whooping cough occurs​ At the age of 7​ The disadvantage of this method of medicine was found that​

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Should you get vaccinated?

Should your child be vaccinated? Should children under one year old be vaccinated? Can they be done if you have allergies? And in general, knowing about possible severe and in some cases deadly side effects, should you even trust the life of your precious baby to vaccines? These questions worry the vast majority of parents.

We think that many of us have at least once encountered the opinion of opponents of vaccination, who claim that vaccinations are not just a waste of time and money, but also a dangerous activity. There is a whole social movement that promotes anti-vaccination .

Anti-vaxxers have sharply criticized mass vaccinations, challenging both their safety and effectiveness. It is interesting that opponents of vaccination appeared immediately after the invention of the first smallpox vaccination by E. Jenner in the 19th century.

At that time, people refused to be vaccinated for religious reasons. Over time, several anti-vaccination organizations formed in the United States and Great Britain that fought against vaccination on all fronts. It is important to note that the basis of such organizations were representatives of the so-called alternative medicine, i.e. homeopaths, chiropractors, and traditional healers of all stripes.

All of them argued that the “devilish vaccines” not only infringe on the human right to freedom of choice, but also cause irreparable harm to health. Despite the fact that it is the 21st century, science and medicine are rapidly developing, the anti-vaccination movement is still thriving. Because there are still people who naively trust the untested scientific arguments of vaccine opponents.

In addition, the Internet contributes to the development of the modern anti-vaccination movement. After all, now anyone can get the information they are interested in, even if it is false and unverified. As a rule, opponents of vaccination give the following arguments why one should not get vaccinated:

• “Vaccination is nothing more than a pre-planned conspiracy by doctors and pharmaceutical giants to enrich themselves.” Anti-vaccinators are truly convinced that all data on the actual benefits of vaccinations has been fabricated by scientists and pharmacists. This statement is so meaningless that sometimes I don’t even want to comment on such wild statements. For centuries, many doctors have been trying to find a cure for deadly viral diseases that literally “mowed down” entire generations of people. They conducted experiments on themselves or their loved ones. And when in the 19th century doctors and scientists managed to achieve success and find a way to protect people from mass deaths due to epidemics of serious diseases, instead of gratitude, what they received was condemnation and distrust. It’s good that there are still more thinking people, otherwise we would again live in fear of diseases such as smallpox , rabies, polio , measles or tetanus .
• “Vaccines are not effective” is another statement that simply reeks of ignorance. Unfortunately, the main audience of the anti-vaccination movement is poorly educated and overly impressionable people who are not able to think independently and take all kinds of horror stories at their word. Statistics say that it is thanks to vaccinations that people, when faced with a serious infectious disease, either do not get sick or suffer from it in a milder form. Things are completely different with an unvaccinated person who, firstly, will not be able to avoid the disease, and, secondly, it is not known how he will survive it. Even in the last century, hundreds of thousands of people died from smallpox or smallpox. Thanks to universal vaccination, cases of infection with this deadly disease have not been recorded over the past 30 years. Isn't this the most important proof that vaccinations really work?
• “Vaccines are not needed because... The diseases they fight are already extremely rare.” I just want to say out loud: “Gentlemen, anti-vaccinators! Severe infectious diseases are indeed rare now. But only because people around the world have been vaccinated from birth for more than a hundred years.” Indeed, modern medicine has reached unprecedented heights in the diagnosis and treatment of infections. However, vaccination is still considered the best method of prevention and treatment. Unfortunately, many parents still doubt whether to vaccinate their child or not. Everyone is afraid of possible complications, this is understandable. But it is also worth thinking about the fact that without vaccination, a whole layer of the population is formed whose immune system is not protected. These people will not only suffer themselves, but will also become potentially dangerous carriers of infectious diseases to others.
• “Vaccinations harm children’s health and contribute to the development of severe disabilities and diseases.” Some people actually believe that vaccines can cause autism in children. This is an absolutely ridiculous statement, since it has long been proven that childhood autism is a congenital genetic developmental defect. Anti-vaxxers actively use rumors and speculation to influence people's opinions. This is precisely the saddest thing about this whole movement, which is trying to fight something that it absolutely does not understand and is not even trying to understand.
• “Statistics on complications after vaccinations are deliberately underestimated by medical workers who cannot be trusted.” Why should humanity trust anti-vaxxers, who often have no specialized (medical, biological, chemical) education at all?
• “Vaccines harm the immune system.” Earlier we talked about the mechanism of the immune system's response to vaccines. Vaccination cannot harm the immune system in any way; it forms it, causing the body’s defense system to activate and produce antibodies that can destroy the infection. This absurd statement of anti-vaccinators speaks only of their complete ignorance and lack of awareness of the anatomy of the human body and the principles of operation of its main vital mechanisms.
• Religious motives and appeal to human rights. The basis of the anti-vaccine movement in the 19th century was made up of deeply religious people who believed that man has no right to interfere with the plan of God and Providence. They say that those who are destined to die from illness will not be able to avoid it in any way. Nowadays, religious opponents of vaccines (official representatives of the main religious denominations do not oppose vaccinations) are also joined by individual rights activists who argue that only the person himself can decide what to do with his body. But no one is forcing you to get vaccinated. This is a voluntary decision. Before vaccinating a child, the doctor is required to obtain not only oral, but also written consent from the parents, so there are no violations of individual rights.
• Various conspiracy theories according to which vaccination is a way to influence human health, for example, with the aim of reducing the number of a particular nation.

It's worth remembering that:

• vaccination is necessary, even if it does not protect the child from infectious diseases 100%, but it can significantly reduce the risk of getting sick;
• even if the child gets sick, a vaccinated child tolerates infections more easily than an unvaccinated child;
• if a child is not vaccinated, he will constantly get sick from everything;
• universal vaccination avoids epidemics, so unvaccinated children become a threat to the health of others.

Revaccination

One vaccination is not always enough to develop strong immunity to infections/viruses. Often it is necessary to repeat immunization two or three times - this is called a booster vaccination. Thanks to subsequent vaccination against the same infection, the body develops immunity to its pathogen.

Until the age of 14, children undergo several stages of revaccination. List of vaccinations:

• 6 years – measles/rubella/mumps;
• 7 and 13 – 14 years old – diphtheria/whooping cough/tetanus;
• 7 years – tuberculosis;
• annual immunization against influenza.

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