How to recognize the symptoms of throat cancer at different stages of the disease

Characteristics of the disease

Laryngeal cancer is a malignant tumor of the pharynx area. A malignant or cancerous tumor is characterized by uncontrolled cell division, which over time invades nearby tissues and metastasizes to distant organs.

With throat cancer, tissue growth occurs in the mucous membrane of the throat, larynx, and nasopharynx. Since the organs are directly related to the breathing process, a tumor in the throat appears to be a particularly dangerous type of cancer.

One of the characteristics of the disease is that it is more common in men than women. But today, throat cancer in women, the symptoms of which are caused by the growing level of tobacco smoking among them, is much more common.

Cancer of the larynx (pharynx) very rarely develops independently; it is much more often preceded by certain diseases, which are the reason for undergoing examination. Diseases include the following types of disorders:

• Inflammation of the organs of the larynx, nasopharynx, not completely cured, reaching a chronic form.
• Respiratory infections.
• Occupational diseases of the throat, ligaments.
• Cysts, fibromas of the throat, which are benign tumors.
• Ligament injuries.
• Scar formation of throat tissue.
• Papillomas, pachyderma, related to hypertrophic growths of the skin and mucous membranes.

Symptoms

Although there are many patients with throat cancer, the causes of the disease cannot be clearly established, but the symptoms and course of cancer development are clearly established. The first signs (only the mucous membrane of the throat is affected by cancer) can easily be confused with a cold or sore throat. But with ordinary inflammations in the throat, the pain disappears or is easily cured; with throat cancer, the pain only progresses. Symptoms are not specific: they are characteristic of a whole range of diseases, not just cancer. If there are manifestations from the lists given below, it is worth paying close attention to the patient’s condition and checking whether a malignant tumor is beginning to develop.

It is worth dividing into general symptoms of the disease and those indicating throat cancer or other serious pathology in the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms can vary greatly depending on the location of the formation. Symptoms associated with oncology are discussed separately.

Throat cancer symptoms

General symptoms

These symptoms indicate that serious pathological changes are beginning in the body:

• The patient has a temperature above 37.1 for a long time, not exceeding 38 degrees.
• The general weakness of the body suggests that resources are being spent on fighting an unknown threat.
• A person’s appetite disappears, and body weight gradually begins to decrease.
• Sleep is disturbed - manifested either in prolonged insomnia, or in constant drowsiness and desire to sleep.
• Anemia is a sign of a disease that disturbs the balance of substances in the blood.

Characteristic signs

1. The patient feels irritation in the throat and nasopharynx due to the abundance of mucus.
2. Feeling of a lump in the throat or a foreign object that cannot be swallowed.
3. Impaired throat patency: the patient finds it difficult to swallow thick food, then liquid food. People regularly choke while eating.
4. Change in taste - an unpleasant, unusual taste is felt in the mouth.
5. The cough is dry and comes in attacks; if the disease develops uncontrolled, it becomes permanent.
6. Bleeding in the throat - as a result, blood will appear in the saliva and phlegm.
7. The cervical lymph nodes enlarge, as do all the tissues around the tumor. The patient's neck visually thickens.
8. Interference with breathing – difficulty taking a deep breath or exhaling completely.
9. A painful symptom in the affected area - either a weak, unnoticeable pain or a strong painful spasm appears.
10. The patient’s breath smells, the characteristic odor is defined as “putrid” - also evidence of inflammation.
11. The sick person's voice changes, first becomes hoarse, and then disappears completely.
12. The disease manifests itself in hearing impairment.
13. Characteristic manifestations of the disease are asymmetry and numbness of the lower part of the face.
14. Changes in the skin of the neck, bruises of unknown origin.

Symptoms in the early stages are subtle and can easily be confused with a common cold, but if they are noted several times together, it’s time to see a doctor.

Local symptoms

Symptoms vary significantly depending on the location of the disease. The following are all listed, depending on the location of the source of the disease.

There are three localization sites: these species are distributed in three parts of the pharynx. They form in the oropharynx, the nasopharynx, or the hypopharynx, the lower of the three. The most dangerous tumor is the nasopharyngeal tumor: it is located closest to the brain.

So, if the oropharynx or nasopharynx is affected, then the following symptoms are characteristic:

• The throat hurts both when swallowing and at rest, the pain is similar to the sensations of a sore throat.
• The tonsils are enlarged, they are not symmetrical as they should be, the surface bleeds and is covered with plaque.
• The shape of the tongue in the mouth has changed, it is not as mobile as before, the patient also feels the taste differently, difficulties appear in pronouncing words, specific consonant sounds that require the participation of the tongue.
• Ulcers appear in the oral and nasal cavities and refuse to heal for a long time.
• The nose is constantly stuffy, it is difficult to breathe, the patient regularly switches to breathing through the mouth.
• An additional manifestation of cancer in this area is bleeding from the nose.
• Problems with teeth appear: blood, sudden pain, even tooth loss.
• The disease also spreads to the ears: hearing deterioration is observed.
• The patient's voice becomes nasal.
• A person constantly has a headache.
• The face is asymmetrical and partially numb - this is due to pressure on the nerves in the area of ​​​​the skull and brain - the bundles are pinched and react poorly.
• The lymph nodes under the lower jaws become dilated in the early stages of the disease.

Examination of lymph nodes
Otherwise, oncology located in the area above the ligaments manifests itself:

• The first symptom will be a lump in the throat, a feeling of constant soreness, an interfering foreign body that cannot be swallowed. You may feel like your throat is being tickled from the inside.
• A painful symptom manifests itself when swallowing, spreading to the sides towards one of the ears.
• In the later stages, the sore throat becomes constant, the voice changes irreparably - this means that the malignant neoplasm has reached the vocal cords and affected the organ.

Cancer-damaged vocal cords are the easiest to detect - they affect the voice immediately, so this form rarely reaches an advanced stage. The symptom is first hoarseness, then pain. It occurs or intensifies during conversation. In later stages, the voice goes away completely: the person loses the ability to use the vocal cords.

If the tumor is located under the vocal cords, the patient’s sensations are as follows:

• Pain will appear in the larynx, immediately after swallowing, when food passes the affected area.
• Continuous shortness of breath, sometimes worsening, while low, guttural sounds are heard.
• As with a supraglottic tumor, when the disease spreads, it damages the ligaments only in the later stages.

The course of the disease and the rate of development depend on age. At a young age, the disease develops more quickly and aggressively than in older people. In a young body, metastases are detected more quickly in the lymph.

If pharyngeal cancer is advanced and not treated, then it becomes the cause of death of the patient, predetermining the outcome. People die from cancer or because of bleeding (vessels are corroded by cancer), or because of infection and sepsis, or because of obstruction of the airways filled with blood or food, the patient suffocates.

Types of disease, according to tumor location

To understand what throat cancer looks like, you need to understand its structure. The throat is a complex conglomerate of organs, tissues, and lymph nodes. A whole network of blood vessels passes through them to the brain and spinal cord, a number of the most important nerves on which the normal functioning of almost all organs depends.

The throat is connected to the thyroid gland, the vital activity of the whole organism depends on its work, so neoplasms in this area have a very ominous prognosis.

The throat consists of the following areas:

• nasopharynx,
• oropharynx,
• hypopharynx.

The nasopharynx area is usually most often affected by cancer. Without receiving adequate treatment, they can affect the bones of the skull and the brain area.

Throat cancer spreads very quickly even in the early stages, therefore, initially, being localized in the nasopharynx, it soon develops into pharynx cancer or laryngeal cancer.

In relation to the vocal cords, the throat includes:

• The supraglottic region, located above the respiratory tract, is most often affected by tumors.
• The ligamentous area, the possibility of cancer of which accounts for a third of all cases.
• The subglottic region is the least susceptible to cancer.

The course of the disease, its spread, metastasis, its treatment, and the patient’s survival prognosis depend on the location of the tumor.

Stages

Localization of tumors
The third and fourth stages of throat cancer are divided into different periods, which reflect the extent of the affected area.

• III (a) – the neoplasm moves to neighboring tissues, which is accompanied by immobility of the affected part of the larynx, but the tumor does not extend beyond the focal region;
• III (b) – spread of malignant tumor to neighboring areas, detection of one or more metastases;
• IV (a) – extensive area affected by cancer cells, compaction of the underlying tissues;
• IV (b) – migration of the tumor to organs located nearby;
• IV (c) – lymph nodes of the neck are affected by fixed metastases;
• IV (d) – distant metastases, tumor formation acquires any parameters.

Causes of the disease

A tumor of the larynx does not develop on its own; there are a number of provoking factors that contribute to the tumor:

• Smoking.
• Alcohol abuse.
• Untreated caries, periodontal disease.
• Factor of hereditary predisposition.
• Work in hazardous chemical industries, for example, the production of varnishes, paints, polishes, enamels.
• Work associated with increased radioactivity.
• Accommodation in environmentally hazardous industrial areas.
• Excessive consumption of spicy, smoked foods.
• Previous or current mononucleosis is a viral disease of the larynx that affects the lymph nodes.

Forecasts

The prognosis for laryngeal cancer depends on the general condition of the patient’s body (the presence of concomitant chronic diseases, the state of immunity, the stage of the disease). Even with favorable treatment of throat cancer, the disease cannot be defeated, but stable, long-term remission can be achieved. During this period, symptoms do not bother you and new metastases do not appear. Without treatment, the disease can be fatal in 1-3 years.

Life expectancy for cancer at stage 4, including laryngeal cancer, is significantly reduced. It is worth following all the doctor’s recommendations and not refusing treatment, especially chemotherapy courses should not be ignored.

Early symptoms

Manifestations of the disease are very diverse. They differ in early stages and late stages, and symptoms in women are somewhat different from those in men.

Symptoms of the disease in women

Symptoms of throat cancer are subtle and can be easily confused with other diseases. Early signs of throat cancer in women that require close attention from medical staff:

• sore throat lasting more than two weeks,
• an unpleasant feeling when swallowing, reminiscent of the presence of a lump,
• spots, ulcers of the throat mucosa,
• change in taste sensations,
• aphonia – loss of voice that does not occur due to a cold,
• dry hacking cough,
• insomnia,
• hearing problems,
• poor appetite
• weight loss,
• swelling of the cervical lymph nodes,
• general depressed state.

The problem of timely diagnosis and successful treatment is that most patients, not knowing how throat cancer manifests itself, neglect the signs of laryngeal cancer listed above, the situation provokes a significant deterioration of the condition.

Symptoms of the disease in men

Symptoms of cancer of the throat and larynx, which appear in the male body, are usually associated with the abuse of alcohol and tobacco, which is typical for men. As a rule, the symptoms listed above are accompanied by bloody throat discharge when coughing and bloody nasal mucus. Laryngeal cancer in men is accompanied by a painful cough.

Similar signs may relate to other diseases, for example:

• acute viral infections,
• laryngitis,
• tonsillitis,
• seasonal allergies.

Only a specialist knows how to identify throat cancer in the early stages; the diagnosis of such diseases is necessarily confirmed by a number of tests and other studies.

Causes

As is the case with other cancers, scientists have not figured out exactly what triggers the onset of cancer. Malignant cell atypia progresses without visible symptoms and often for no apparent reason. Factors that increase the risk of developing the disease have been calculated.

Common reasons

Factors associated with the general state of affairs and a person’s lifestyle are named.

• Long-term smoking, no matter whether passive or active.
• Prolonged alcoholism - together with smoking, a bad habit doubles the likelihood of cancer.
• Age – people over sixty are more likely to suffer from cancer. Throat cancer is less common in children than in adults.
• Gender – men are at greater risk than women. Perhaps this is due not to the gender characteristics of the body, but to the spread of the smoking habit.
• Failure to comply with basic oral hygiene rules affects the likelihood of cancer.
• A genetic predisposition among relatives who develop cancer triples the chance of developing the disease.
• City residents also inhale harmful fumes and breathe polluted air, which increases the risk of neoplasms. There is a category of professions associated with increased risk: they directly inhale harmful fumes - working with petroleum products, benzene, resins and asbestos.
• People with professions associated with constant tension on the vocal cords are included in the risk group.

The occurrence of cancer is influenced by a person’s diet: food can greatly weaken the immune system. Food must be carefully monitored. There is a list of indicators that increase imbalance in the body and provoke disease:

• Excess smoked and salty foods - such food is difficult to digest and assimilate, causing irritation of the mucous membranes. This causes cancer.
• A lack of fresh vegetables and fruits significantly reduces the supply of vitamins to the body and generally weakens the immune system.

Concomitant diseases

The connection with diseases is clearly visible:

• Lung cancer is a continuation of cancer that has affected the neck or head; the case is isolated and treated differently.
• Infectious mononucleosis often provokes tumors.
• The human papillomavirus increases the chance of getting sick five times; patients are invariably at risk.
• Chronic diseases of the throat and larynx can provoke the disease. They irritate the throat no less than salty foods or smoking.
• Scars on the mucous membrane from burns, physical injuries, and illnesses.

Prevention of throat cancer is a logical consequence of the above. Lifestyle includes avoidance of harmful fumes, smoking, even passive smoking, proper diet, hygiene and vigilance if, due to factors independent of a person (gender, age, genetics), he is at risk.

Diagnosis of the disease in the early stages

Any oncology, especially pharyngeal cancer, must be confirmed by a number of tests, tests, and other types of examination.

A general blood test that reveals low hemoglobin, increased levels of leukocytes, and a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which can manifest themselves in oncology.

Identification of an oncological marker, which allows us to determine the appearance of special antigens that are typical symptoms of laryngeal cancer.

Biopsy is a laboratory analysis of soft tissue cells of the throat, studying changes in their structure.

Visual examination of the tumor itself, nearby lymph nodes, assessment of tissue condition.

Laryngoscopy, performed with a special device equipped with a video camera.

Magnetic resonance imaging, which allows you to determine the location and size of the tumor.

Ultrasound to detect changes in blood vessels and lymph nodes.

Computed tomography, which allows you to obtain a three-dimensional image of the formation.

What to do if the first symptoms of cancer are detected

The initial signs indicating throat cancer are very similar to the symptoms of other respiratory and infectious diseases, so the patient often turns to a therapist or otolaryngologist. After a visual examination of the oral cavity, the doctor refers the patient to an oncologist, where, using various methods, the preliminary diagnosis is confirmed or removed.

Laryngeal cancer is diagnosed using:

• Computed tomography (CT)
  laryngoscopy - the essence of the study is to examine the larynx with one of the special optical devices to detect signs of a tumor;
• biopsy , which is usually combined with a visual examination of the larynx; the procedure involves cutting off a fragment of tissue for subsequent study (oncology is confirmed or refuted, the type and nature of the neoplasm is determined, which helps make an accurate diagnosis);
• computed tomography of the throat cavity - the parameters of tumor formation are established, as well as the degree of its spread to nearby tissues.

Additional Research

Since diagnosis and accurate determination of the type, nature, location, stage of the disease is extremely important for determining the strategy of therapeutic procedures, along with standard methods of diagnosis, additional procedures are used:

• A study of vocal function, assessing the degree of mobility of the vocal cords and changes in the shape of the glottis.
• Biopsy of a lymph node in the neck area to establish or rule out metastasis.

Only after a thorough examination of the patient is it possible to carry out a certain treatment plan.

Oncology diagnostics

When the first warning signs appear, it is recommended to consult a therapist or otolaryngologist. With timely, early diagnosis of laryngeal cancer and further proper treatment, the chances of a complete cure are high.

When examining the throat with a laryngoscope, a doctor can determine the condition of the mucous surface. Determines the size of the lymph nodes by touch (not only the head, but also the axillary lymph nodes are examined). Conducts an examination of the thyroid gland. Collects information about health status and excludes concomitant diseases.

Additional examination methods that allow assessing the patient’s condition are MRI and CT. Blood can determine the presence of tumor markers for cancer of the throat and larynx.

The most effective method for diagnosing throat cancer is a biopsy. A piece of mucous membrane is taken from the throat in a suspicious area, which is then examined under a microscope.

Late symptoms

If early symptoms of a tumor of the larynx or other area of ​​the throat were not detected, the patient did not receive proper treatment, and pharyngeal cancer progresses to a more advanced stage. It manifests itself as follows:

• the occurrence of toothache subsequently – tooth loss,
• change in voice timbre,
• development of shortness of breath.

Today, cancer of the pharynx (larynx) is most often curable, and sometimes it is possible to significantly alleviate the patient’s condition and improve his quality of life.

How to treat

Tactics and methods of cancer treatment depend on the patient’s age, tumor type, stage and severity of the disease. There are several methods for treating throat cancer. A combination of methods is also practiced. Treatment of throat cancer with folk remedies is considered effective.

Chemotherapy

The duration of the course of chemotherapy depends on the stage of the disease, as well as on histological examination data. It is necessary to reduce the size of the tumor and the area of ​​metastases. Sometimes chemotherapy is given before surgery or before a course of radiation therapy.

Chemotherapy may also be prescribed after surgery. This method allows you to completely destroy metastases. The active components are injected into a vein using droppers. With this method of drug administration, there is a greater likelihood of recognizing foreign cancer cells throughout the lymphatic system.

In some cases, the drug may be injected directly into the affected area.

Chemotherapy comes with a long list of side effects. The most common reactions include nausea, repeated vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, and dry skin.

Radiation therapy

During radiation therapy for laryngeal cancer, the tumor is irradiated with radiofrequency rays. Radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer allows you to completely get rid of the tumor or significantly reduce its size.

In external beam radiation therapy, rays are directed directly to the site of the lesion. Internal radiation involves the introduction of radioactive components through a catheter into the affected area or into adjacent tissues.

After radiation therapy, a large number of cancer cells die and tumor growth stops. If the method is used at the zero or first stage of the disease, then the division and reproduction of cancer cells completely stops.

Surgical intervention

Surgical intervention is effective. The oncologist surgeon initially determines the location of the tumor and the extent of its spread. During surgery on the larynx, the area with the tumor is removed (this can be half the larynx, the epiglottis, or the larynx with a tracheostomy).

Treatment of the disease

After determining the nature and characteristics of the disease, specialists will have to decide which methods will be used to cure cancer of the pharynx (larynx).

Treatment involves a whole range of procedures:

• Radiosurgical procedure, a special type of irradiation of a tumor.
• Surgery, resection - removal of the tumor.
• Chemotherapy is the administration of toxic substances that poison the cells of a malignant tumor.

This type of therapy is carried out in pursuit of several goals related to the restoration of the following important body functions:

• breath,
• speech.

Laryngeal cancer, the symptoms of which are not obvious, is treated with surgical methods, although they are sometimes successfully avoided:

• Chordectomy – resection of ligaments.
• Hemilaryngectomy - removal of only the affected part of the larynx, for example, the epiglottis.
• Laser surgery, which is a bloodless method of excision of diseased tissue.
• Thyroidectomy, partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland.

Carrying out the measures listed above ensures effective treatment of the disease. Cure of laryngeal cancer, the symptoms of which have a chaotic manifestation, becomes more difficult; doctors have to conduct additional tests and admit the patient to the hospital.

With the development of throat cancer, the symptoms sometimes lose their strength; many patients perceive the situation as a cure. In such cases, additional research is necessary.

Types of throat cancer

In most cases, a throat tumor of a malignant nature is squamous cell carcinoma in origin. According to the observations of oncologists, more than 95% of cases occur in this form of pathology. Depending on the morphological features of the structure of the tumor, there are:

• non-keratinizing;
• keratinizing;
• well differentiated cancer.

The first type is characterized by rapid development and the formation of a large number of metastases. The tumor is actively growing into the surrounding tissue. It occurs more often than others and is localized in the upper part of the larynx. Non-keratinizing throat cancer, the photo of which is given below, due to active growth, leads to a narrowing of the larynx, resulting in hoarseness and shortness of breath.

Keratinizing throat cancer, the symptoms of which are listed below, has a slow course and practically does not form metastases in other organs. The favorite place for tumor development is the vocal cords. With a highly differentiated type, healthy tissues are quickly involved in the pathological process. This type of throat cancer, the symptoms of which are listed below, is difficult to treat.

Disease prognosis

In the absence of proper treatment, laryngeal cancer lasts no more than three years, and the patient risks dying from the following disorders:

• asphyxia - suffocation,
• cachexia - a state of extreme exhaustion,
• bleeding due to damage to the vessels of the neck,
• brain bleeding,
• inflammation of the lining of the brain, meningitis,
• spinal cord lesions,
• bone infections
• paralysis,
• heart failure,
• renal failure,
• narrowing, perforation of the walls of the esophagus,
• severe respiratory infections,
• metastatic damage to vital organs.

With adequate and appropriate procedures, the survival rate of patients suffering from early-stage throat cancer is more than ninety percent. In more advanced stages of the disease, more than sixty percent of patients survive.

When a laryngeal tumor appears, symptoms develop differently, each sign of laryngeal cancer plays a role in the course of the disease.

Throat cancer - prognosis

With a disease such as throat cancer, how long do patients live is the question that interests patients most. Doctors do not give a definite answer. Modern diagnostic technologies do not allow us to accurately determine at what speed the tumor will develop, or what tissues and organs will be involved in the pathological process.

The forecasts made by doctors are based on clinical observation data and analysis of changes occurring in patients with throat cancer, the symptoms of which may vary in some cases. The main factors taken into account by doctors when assessing pathology are:

• tumor stage;
• volume of lesion;
• number of affected organs;
• depth of tumor penetration;
• patient's age;
• number of metastases.

Can throat cancer be cured?

If treatment for throat cancer is started at an early stage, the likelihood of excluding pathology is high. The basis of therapy is surgical intervention. The method of surgery and its volume are determined taking into account the characteristics and clinical manifestations of the disease. Laser tumor removal techniques show excellent results in the early stages of cancer. Surgery is used more often at stages 1-2 of the disease. In the case of stage 3-4 pathology, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used. These techniques slow down the tumor process, improve the patient’s overall well-being, and prolong his life.

Throat cancer - survival prognosis

As noted above, no specialist can predict how a malignant tumor of the throat will behave: will it respond to therapy or will it steadily progress, even taking into account the treatment provided. Experts can only guess what will happen to the patient based on clinical manifestations and his state of health. At the same time, we must not forget that each organism is individual, so deviations from the forecast may be observed.

If we take into account statistical data that is collected over several years, patients with stage 1 throat cancer live 5 years after diagnosis in 85% of cases. At the same time, the five-year survival rate among patients with stage 4 pathology is 20%. Laryngectomy, an operation to remove the vocal cords, may also be a determining factor. This surgical intervention prolongs the patient’s life and stops the spread of the tumor. But in practice, not all patients consent to its implementation.

Disease prevention

It is better to prevent the formation of malignant neoplasms in the throat and larynx than to treat the consequences.

Therefore, doctors strongly recommend following some recommendations:

• quit smoking and excessive alcohol consumption;
• lead a healthy lifestyle, which includes playing sports, following a work and rest schedule, and daily walks;
• treat inflammatory processes in the oral cavity in a timely manner;
• support immunity;
• An important aspect is the establishment of a proper diet (the menu should consist of fortified foods, without fatty, spicy, fried foods).

Knowing the characteristics and symptoms of throat cancer, you can begin examination and further treatment on time. The tumor with its unpleasant symptoms can be put into remission, when the quality of life improves and new aggressive cells do not form.

Laryngeal cancer - symptoms and manifestations in men and women

If the tumor is located above the vocal folds:

• Sensation of a foreign body in the throat
• Difficulty swallowing solid food (dysphagia)
• Pain when swallowing food (odynophagia), radiating to the ear

Tumor of the vocal folds:

• Hoarseness is the first sign of a throat tumor in women and men
• Lack of voice (aphonia)

Tumor of the subglottic region of the larynx:

• Breathing difficulties due to laryngeal stenosis
• Minimal or no hoarseness

Risk factors and precancerous changes

As is known, malignant tumors most often arise against the background of existing pathological processes, as well as as a result of exposure to unfavorable environmental factors. The causes of laryngeal cancer consist largely of external influences.

Thus, among the risk factors, the following are of paramount importance:

1. Smoking, which increases the risk of tumor development several times;
2. Work in hazardous working conditions (dust, gas pollution, high or low temperatures);
3. Drinking alcohol, the vapors of which have an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract;
4. Excessive vocal load, typical of singers and teachers.

Changes that precede laryngeal cancer are most often represented by:

• Chronic laryngitis, especially with mucosal hyperplasia (hyperplastic laryngitis);
• Laryngeal papilloma;
• Leukoplakia (the appearance of fields of keratinization of the mucous membrane) and other dystrophic changes against the background of chronic inflammation;
• Pachyderma (thickening of the mucous membrane).

The so-called obligate precancer, which in most cases turns into a malignant tumor, includes laryngeal papilloma and epithelial dysplasia against the background of other changes in the mucous membrane.

Features of the course of the disease

Throat cancer in men has a severe course, which affects the entire body as a whole. They begin to develop psycho-emotional disorders, their quality of life deteriorates, their ability to work decreases, and they develop complete apathy towards everything around them.

The severity of the course and further prognosis are different for everyone, but they largely depend on the age of the patient and the type of malignant cells. In most cases, the tumor occurs above the vocal cords, occasionally below them, but the cords themselves will be affected in any case.

The best method of combating the disease is its early diagnosis, when the chances of successful treatment are still high. But making a diagnosis at an early stage is not so easy. The first signs of pathology depend on the diameter of the tumor and its location in the throat.

The first signs of throat cancer in men:

1. Chronic sore throat that does not go away for 2 weeks or more, even despite treatment;
2. Feeling of a lump in the throat, difficult and unpleasant sensation while swallowing;
3. Swelling in the neck that lasts for about a month;
4. Hoarseness, which only worsens over time, is a sign of damage to the vocal cords;
5. In some cases, enlargement of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin may occur. But enlarged cervical lymph nodes do not always mean cancer; this symptom often occurs against the background of an infection in the body.

Symptoms that begin to occur without treatment:

1. Dull pain behind the sternum;
2. Prolonged coughing attacks, especially if they are accompanied by difficulty breathing or hemoptysis, which are common signs of oncology;
3. Ulcers in the mouth that bother you for a long time and do not heal. Men who chew tobacco are much more likely to develop throat cancer;
4. Suspicious white or red spots on the mucous membrane of the mouth, lips;
5. Noisy breathing;
6. Bad breath;
7. Feelings of numbness in the skin of the face;
8. Chronic ear pain;
9. Painful swallowing. For many patients, this problem is not constant, but worries from time to time. And if this symptom occurs in conjunction with weight loss or vomiting, doctors should examine the throat cavity for the presence of a tumor;
10. Weight loss of around 4 kilograms for no apparent reason. If a man with a normal appetite has lost 4 or more kilograms in a short time, you need to suspect the presence of cancer and take blood tests or undergo a CT scan.

Changes in symptoms depending on the stage of the disease

The initial stages of the disease do not manifest themselves in any way or resemble a common cold. This is associated with difficulties in diagnosing laryngeal cancer.

Patients develop regular laryngeal pain, problems swallowing, the neck swells, and the voice changes. Such clinical signs are perceived by patients as a manifestation of a viral infection or allergy.

After some time, white spots and small ulcers appear on the mucous membrane of the larynx, the pain when swallowing intensifies, becomes cutting and quite intense. Because of this, patients try to eat less often, and their body becomes depleted.

A prolonged dry or wet cough torments patients and is difficult to treat. Cancer patients complain of a feeling of lack of air and a feeling of a lump in the throat, paroxysmal ear pain, and fluctuations in body temperature. Signs of tumor disintegration are hemoptysis and putrid odor from the mouth.

The nature and degree of disorders are determined by the size, stage and type of growth of the malignant neoplasm. Symptoms of throat cancer also depend on the location of the tumor:

1. The main manifestation of epiglottis cancer is pain caused by irritation of nerve endings and its deformation. Patients choke while eating due to the fact that the deformed epiglottis does not completely block the entrance to the larynx.
2. Upper cancer is manifested by a deepening of the voice, choking, and unpleasant sensations in the throat. Symptoms of cancer of this localization appear quite late, which leads to a late visit to the doctor and worsens the prognosis of the pathology.
3. Midsection cancer is caused by damage to the vocal cords. In patients, the voice is impaired or completely disappears. They quickly get tired during a conversation and stop the conversation. Gradually, hoarseness and hoarseness increase, and the sonority of the voice disappears. When the tumor grows escophytically, difficulty breathing occurs.
4. Cancer of the lower larynx is characterized by the absence of symptoms at the initial stage of the disease. Patients develop a dry cough. It becomes painful and paroxysmal, acquiring a protracted course. The cause of cough is irritation of the laryngeal mucosa. If the tumor grows rapidly and reaches a significant size, patients experience shortness of breath and attacks of suffocation.

There are no differences in the clinical manifestations of laryngeal cancer in women and men.

There are 4 stages of laryngeal cancer:

• Stage zero or precancerous stage is characterized by the absence of basic clinical signs. Atypical cells are present in the body, but they have not yet formed a tumor. Diagnosis of pathology is extremely rare.
• Stage 1 - a tumor in the form of an ulcer or tubercle, located in one part of the larynx and not spreading to the rest. The patients' voice and general well-being do not change.
• Stage 2 – the neoplasm occupies the entire department and does not affect neighboring structures. Hoarseness appears, there are no metastases.

throat cancer stage 3

• Stage 3 - the tumor grows through all the walls of the larynx, spreads to 2 or 3 sections and impairs the mobility of the larynx. In patients, the voice changes greatly or disappears completely. Cervical and regional lymph nodes enlarge and metastases appear in them.
• Stage 4 - the tumor becomes huge and can block the entire lumen of the larynx. In this case, all neighboring tissues are affected: the thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus. Metastases are present in almost all lymph nodes and other organs. Stage IV laryngeal cancer cannot be treated. Patients receive only supportive and analgesic therapy. The fourth stage of pathology is the last. During this period, irreversible processes develop in the body, leading to the death of the patient.

Diagnostics

Treatment for oropharyngeal cancer can be prescribed only after the patient has been given an accurate diagnosis, reflecting all the characteristic features of the development of neoplasia and the degree of its malignancy. Detection of the disease in the presence of specific clinical signs and external changes generally does not present serious difficulties.

Diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer is carried out using the following diagnostic procedures:

1. Blood tests, general and biochemical, for tumor markers.
2. Direct and indirect laryngoscopy, allowing the doctor to visually assess the extent of damage to the oral cavity and pharynx.
3. Histological examination. To make a correct diagnosis, a biopsy must be performed, tissue sampling from the affected area for further examination under a microscope.
4. Chest X-ray, ultrasound of the neck and abdominal cavity, CT and MRI, which allow you to determine how extensively the tumor of the oropharynx has grown, and to identify damage to regional lymph nodes and distant organs.

Only after finding out the type of pathological process that affected the patient and determining at what stage of development the oropharyngeal cancer is at a particular moment, oncologists make a preliminary calculation of prognosis for recovery and select the most appropriate regimen for the particular case according to which the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer will be carried out.

Worth knowing! Only a course of therapy prescribed based on the results of a diagnostic study and taking into account the general condition of the patient can give the patient a chance of recovery or achieving long-term remission, as well as reduce the risks of complications and relapse.

Classification

Throat cancer is a collective concept that includes all types of cancer of the throat or larynx. These two elements interact closely and together form the vocal apparatus, which is responsible for the creation of sounds and speech.

The variety of forms implies the need to consider the clinical picture and symptomatic manifestations of each of them.

Nasopharynx and oropharynx

The nasopharynx is the area behind the nasal cavity, which is limited by the bony wall of the skull. The oropharynx is the part of the throat located after the oral cavity and includes the tonsils.

Although this type of cancer is quite rare, it is clear that if the area in question is affected, significant discomfort can occur. At the first stage of development, the disease is characterized by nasal congestion on both sides . With further spread, bloody discharge from the nasal cavity, partial hearing loss on the side of the tumor, and strabismus are possible.

It is worth considering that in the nasopharynx there are several types of tissues with different types of cells. When a malignant tumor occurs, it becomes important to determine the type of cells to establish appropriate therapy.

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Above the ligaments

The most common location of the tumor. It develops very aggressively, penetrating into surrounding tissues in the shortest possible time. It is characterized by an increased ability to metastasize to the lymph nodes of the neck. This is due to the large lymphatic system and multiple connections to the throat vessels in the area in question.

The initial signs of the disease manifest themselves in discomfort when swallowing . As the tumor increases in size, it changes to a sensation of a foreign body. With further development of cancer, pain manifestations become permanent.

In the last stages the pain becomes very severe. For this reason, a person limits himself in food, as a result of which rapid weight loss occurs.

Ligaments

The location of cancer in the ligament area provides the most likely option for a favorable outcome. Metastasis is rare , since lymphatic vessels are not common.

The first symptom, hoarseness , is caused by a failure to close the vocal cords. This violation is caused by a mechanical obstacle, the role of which is played by the tumor in question.

With the subsequent development of cancer, complete loss of voice is possible, and in later stages – difficulty breathing . With its volume, the tumor partially blocks the lumen of the larynx, limiting the flow of air.

In addition, the tumor can grow into adjacent parts of the throat, as well as penetrate into the soft tissues of the neck.

Under the ligaments

Cancer with this localization is quite rare - 2% of common throat tumors. Tumors of this kind have some specific properties:

• The growth form is defined as endophytic.
• Increased resistance to ionizing radiation .
• Active metastasis to lymph nodes.

Also characterized by hoarseness and difficulty breathing in later stages of development.

How to recognize throat cancer at an early stage

Do not delay visiting a doctor so as not to worsen the situation!
Many of the primary signs of throat cancer can easily be confused with manifestations of various diseases, even a simple cold.

However, causeless symptoms should alert you if:

• cough does not go away for more than 2 weeks;
• voice distortion appeared;
• pain is felt radiating to the ear;
• unmotivated toothache;
• difficulty swallowing food or saliva;
• white spots or ulcers have formed in different parts of the larynx.

Disease prevention

There are currently no special preventive techniques that can prevent oropharyngeal cancer. However, all oncologists are of the opinion that it is possible to reduce the risks of a pathological process in this area. Moreover, this is quite simple to do - you just need to strictly adhere to the rules of leading a healthy lifestyle.

The main clinical recommendations to prevent oropharyngeal tumors are as follows:

• complete cessation of bad habits, smoking and alcohol abuse;
• correction of nutrition with the exclusion of spicy, salty and sour foods from the diet;
• eating food rich in vitamins and microelements necessary for normal life.

These simple measures can reduce the risk of developing a dangerous disease, but do not provide a 100% guarantee that the development of laryngeal cancer will not occur. Therefore, people at risk need to undergo regular screening tests.

View at different stages

Photo: changes at each stage (from 1 to 4)

Stage 1

This stage of development of a malignant tumor is considered initial. There are no external manifestations of the disease. However, upon careful visual examination of the laryngeal region, one can notice some atypical manifestations, similar to inflammatory infectious lesions, accompanied by enlarged tonsils.

The color of the pathology is also similar to the manifestations of angina - pronounced redness of the mucous membrane, swelling of the surrounding seal, soft tissues of the mucosa. The maximum size of the tumor is about 3 cm.

If a tumor develops in the laryngeal area, it is easier to diagnose it by visual examination than in cases where the pathology is localized in the upper or lower parts of the organ. In this situation, visibility is somewhat limited, which, given the relatively small size of the anomaly, does not make it possible to study it in more detail.

The structural content of the affected tissues is still almost identical to healthy ones, despite the fact that the cells are already subject to mutation processes.

If we examine the pathology under multiple magnification, we can observe that its surface is dotted with multiple papilloma-shaped islands, consisting of the squamous epithelium of a group of highly differentiated organisms.

Despite the slow growth, the disease is characterized by a significant inflammatory reaction of the soft tissues, as a result of which they gradually change their hue to whitish.

This feature of an early throat tumor is similar to purulent infectious manifestations and interferes with the objective diagnosis of the disease due to the confusion of primary symptoms.

Stage 2

At the second stage, oncology behaves more actively, and external signs are quite obvious. It becomes more mobile, growing into the sections that are located next to the larynx.

The function of the vocal folds is impaired, which makes the voice hoarse and blocks the full passage of air flow into the patient’s body.

At this stage, the pathology, which has developed unilaterally, moves to the second half of the organ, taking up more and more space. At the same time, its external manifestation changes qualitatively - from whitish, the shade of the compaction becomes abnormally purple, the structure becomes denser, and the internal tissues are irreversibly damaged.

Photo of the second stage

The size of the formation reaches impressive proportions; it is not only clearly visible visually, but also causes serious discomfort to the patient, complicating the functioning of the respiratory and digestive systems.

The laryngeal lumen, gradually narrowing, reaches a critical point. The tumor is still under control and does not leave the territorial limits.

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Stage 3

The photo clearly shows that at the moment when the oncological processes occurring in the affected area reach the third stage, the pathology, which has too little space to grow and develop, begins to grow deep into the throat , and also spreads to the tissues surrounding it.

Gradually “conquering” larger and larger territories, it produces single or multiple metastases. It becomes extremely difficult for a person to breathe, speak, and eat. The symptoms of the disease at this stage are quite difficult to tolerate, the pain syndrome is significant and poorly controlled, and attacks of suffocation often occur.

Since the formation has completely affected all parts of the throat, it becomes immobilized, which does not interfere with maintaining active growth processes.

The surface of the compaction is distinguished by visible tuberosity, infiltrative growth and a large number of blood vessels protruding very close to the surface layer of the tumor.

The pathology has clear shapes and boundaries; endophytic cancer cells quickly affect all internal tissues of the throat. Often multiple erosive lesions appear on the organ mucosa, emitting a putrid odor.

Often at this stage, the pathology affects the base of the tongue - in such a situation the prognosis will be extremely unfavorable, and the clinical picture of the disease is aggravated by concomitant manifestations.

This stage of development of the type of cancer in question is extremely severe, practically cannot be treated and leaves very little chance of five-year survival, even after surgery to remove it.

Treatment

The main goals of treatment for laryngeal cancer are: removal of the primary tumor and metastases to the nearest lymph nodes, restoration of respiratory and vocal functions. The earlier a malignancy is detected, the sooner a complete cure can be achieved by combining surgery with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

Treatment for midsection cancer:

• Radiation therapy (35-50 Gy) followed by dose increase to 55-60 Gy
• After radiation therapy - surgery (tumor resection) in the early stages
• In later stages: radiation therapy followed by laryngectomy

Treatment for cancer of the supraglottic region:

• In the early stages: radiation therapy and surgery
• In later stages: chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery

Treatment for subglottic cancer:

• Radiation therapy for laryngeal cancer of the subglottic localization at a dose of 40 Gy
• Surgical intervention with laryngeal prosthesis
• In later stages, radiation therapy is not indicated

Diet therapy

Patients are recommended to eat mainly plant foods, consisting of vegetables, fruits, herbs, berries, and beans. You can include dietary meat and vegetable fats in your diet.

Preference should be given to chicken, turkey, rabbit meat, olive, and refined sunflower oil. Lactic acid products with a minimum shelf life are useful for patients with cancer.

It is necessary to exclude strong tea and coffee, carbonated drinks, smoked foods, marinades, pickles, and canned food from the diet. It is better to replace sugar with honey. Portions should be small and meals should be fractional. It is necessary to chew food thoroughly.

Radiation therapy

Treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx usually begins with radiation, since this type of tumor is most sensitive to radiation therapy. Radiation therapy involves exposing the genetic structures of cancer cells to high-frequency radiation, which inhibits the division process.

This treatment method slows down the growth of the tumor or completely destroys it. For stage 3 laryngeal cancer, the entire neck is irradiated to reduce the size of the tumor, and two weeks later it and part of the larynx or the entire organ with regional metastases are removed.

Radiation therapy is of two types:

• External - the device is placed next to the patient, its rays are directed directly at the tumor.
• Internal - a radioactive needle or wire is brought directly to the tumor.

Currently, individuals receiving certain doses of radiation are prescribed radiosensitizers. These are drugs that increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to ionizing radiation. They allow you to correctly calculate the minimum dose that does not damage healthy tissues of the body. Radiation therapy is carried out simultaneously with hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Complications and side effects of radiation therapy include: dry mouth, sore throat, tooth decay, voice changes, impaired sense of smell and touch, and skin damage at the site of irradiation.

After radiation therapy, patients undergo a long period of rehabilitation. A weakened body needs rest, peace, and fresh air. Doctors prescribe vitamins and immunomodulators to strengthen the immune system.

Main types of surgical intervention:

1. Laryngeal resection is an organ-preserving operation, effective for stages 1 and 2 of the disease.
2. Total laryngectomy - removal of the entire larynx with surrounding tissues and subsequent placement of a tracheostomy.
3. Partial laryngectomy or hemilaryngectomy is the removal of part of the larynx affected by the tumor. This operation is more gentle on the patient's body.
4. Chordectomy is the removal of one or both vocal cords.

Currently, laser tumor removal is quite common. This is a new and highly effective method for removing malignant tumors. Laser surgery has a number of advantages. It is easily tolerated by patients, does not cause pain or discomfort, has a short rehabilitation period and the absence of postoperative complications. The laser has minimal impact on surrounding tissue and coagulates blood vessels.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy complements radiation and surgery. Patients are prescribed cytostatics - drugs that suppress tumor growth and inhibit cancer cells.

Cytotoxic drugs are administered orally, intramuscularly, intravenously, or directly into the affected organ. Particularly popular is intra-arterial polychemotherapy, which involves catheterization of the external carotid artery.

Side effects of chemotherapy include: hair loss, weakened immunity, and disruption of the gastrointestinal tract.

ethnoscience

Alternative treatment for laryngeal cancer is only an auxiliary method and is carried out only after consultation with a specialist. Effective folk remedies: tincture of bay leaf, decoction of Japanese arizema, decoction or tincture of spotted slipper, juice of common cocklebur.

Stages of the disease

Experts distinguish five stages of laryngeal cancer. Let's look at them:

1. Precancerous stage . The initial stage at which it is almost impossible to detect the disease. The reason for this is its asymptomatic course. New growths are not visualized in any way at this stage.
2. First stage . Laryngoscopy may detect a small tumor in the form of an ulcer. The tumor does not yet affect the vocal cords and does not give any obvious symptoms indicating the presence of the disease.
3. The second stage of the disease poses a higher danger. A tumor in the throat can spread to all parts of the larynx. Due to partial damage to the vocal cords, a person's voice changes. The reassuring fact is that the tumor at this stage has not yet metastasized. The use of radiation therapy, as one of the effective methods of fighting cancer, gives great hope for recovery. According to statistics, in 85% of cases the outcome is favorable.
4. The third stage is characterized by the spread of the tumor to the walls of the larynx. The voice disappears, the lymph nodes are enlarged. Life forecasts are 60%.
5. The last fourth stage of the disease is the most dangerous. The tumor spreads to neighboring organs and lymph nodes, actively metastasizing. For this grade of cancer, the survival rate is 25%.

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*Only upon receipt of information about the patient’s disease, a representative of the clinic will be able to calculate the exact price for treatment.

Despite the fact that modern medicine has come forward and uses the most effective methods to combat cancer, it is very difficult to achieve good results in the later stages of the disease. Therefore, it is very important to detect the disease in time. Cancer detected in time is now curable. As mentioned, in the early stages of the disease it can be cured in 100% of cases.

Reviews

Elena. Grandfather had throat cancer. It was discovered only at the last stage. Grandfather had difficulty breathing. She was treated with chemotherapy and had a tracheostomy. The forecasts were disappointing. Grandfather lived 5 years

Marina. 2 years ago, my father began to lose weight very quickly, he had no appetite, and it was very painful to swallow food. A sore throat was diagnosed. When my father became completely ill and treatment for a sore throat did not help, we turned to other doctors. Laryngeal cancer was discovered. He was treated with chemotherapy. He lost 30 kilograms.

Yana. My brother was diagnosed with stage 3 throat cancer. They refused to operate. There were contraindications. After several sessions of radiation therapy it became much easier, but I still feel nauseated.

Throat cancer is a pathology in which malignant cells form in the soft tissues of the throat . This cancer is mainly diagnosed in men over 40 years of age. People who abuse tobacco products are at risk. Symptoms of throat cancer in men can be either pronounced or subtle. Due to the fact that the disease is often asymptomatic, patients are in no hurry to see a doctor, and the disease is detected at an advanced stage. Despite the fact that the symptoms of this pathology are very vague, there are several signs by which the disease can be recognized.

Classification of laryngeal tumors

Traditionally, malignant tumors of the larynx are classified based on their location. There are cancers of the vestibule of the larynx, the middle part of the larynx, and tumors of the subglottic localization. Each of these three cases has its own lymph outflow pathways, a separate TNM classification, depending on the location, treatment methods, approaches, etc. vary.

Upper larynx

• Suprahyoid epiglottis
• Laryngeal surface of arytenoid folds
• Arytenoid cartilages
• Subhyoid part of the epiglottis
• Vestibular folds

Middle part of the larynx

• Vocal fold area
• Anterior commissural division
• Posterior commissural region

Subglottic space

• From the inferior border of the vocal folds to the edge of the cricoid cartilage

Is it curable or not?

The sooner you see a doctor, the higher the chances of a full recovery!
When diagnosed early, throat cancer is considered a curable disease, but the chances of full recovery depend on several important factors:

• location of the tumor;
• the nature and structure of cancer cells, the intensity of tumor development;
• characteristics of the body;
• stage of the disease when a problem is identified;
• correct choice of treatment strategy.

The treatment method for throat cancer is selected based on the examination picture and the nature of the tumor. The modern approach includes the following types of impact on the focal zone:

• surgical intervention;
• chemotherapy;
• neoplasm irradiation procedure.

Surgery for cancer involves removing a fragment of the throat where the tumor is located, or the entire organ (total surgery).

Chemotherapy is a treatment method in which the patient is given one or more drugs. The advantage of this method is the ability to combine medication with surgery or radiation.

Radiotherapy (irradiation) is a procedure for treating a tumor with X-ray radiation. Due to exposure to radio waves, cancer cells die or their growth is significantly slowed down. The duration of the course is 6-8 weeks. Radiation is used both as an independent method and in addition to other approaches used in the treatment of throat cancer.

The patient has the greatest chance of recovery (100%) if throat cancer is detected early (at the initial stage of tumor development). When diagnosing the problem at the 1st stage of oncology development, the prognosis for cure is 90%, at the 2nd stage the chances are reduced to 80-85%, at the 3rd stage - to 65-70% (for 5 years of life after treatment), at 4th – up to 25%.

Signs of oropharyngeal cancer

Symptoms of the disease appear depending on the size of the formation, the growth of metastases in the lymph nodes and neighboring tissues. In the early stages, clinical signs of the disease may not be noticed. The course of the disease is also influenced by the age and physiological state of the person. Common signs include a nasal voice and loss of appetite - this means that there are problems in the throat area. In severe cases, the tumor affects the lumen of the oropharynx and penetrates into the tissues.

Preclinical stage

The throat cavity is affected by small clusters of malignant cells that do not extend beyond the larynx. At this stage, the disease occurs without symptoms. It is difficult to detect a neoplasm. Pathogenesis proceeds secretly. It is discovered by chance during an in-depth examination by a doctor. Treatment at this stage shows a favorable prognosis for the patient. Recovery occurs in 100%, people live happily ever after.

First stage of pathology

The tumor grows up to 40 mm - the cells continue to develop within the boundaries of the larynx. Externally, the neoplasm looks like a small ulcerative inflammation on the lining of the larynx. There are no obvious signs - the lymph nodes are normal without metastases. There is a slight cough with minor wheezing. Detection of the disease is also random - it is deliberately difficult to determine. The treatment has a success rate of 80-90%.

Second stage

At the second stage, the tumor grows throughout the entire larynx - tissues with lymph nodes remain unaffected. There are already a number of pronounced signs that define the disease:

• The voice acquires a hoarse timbre due to a violation of the structure of the vocal cords;
• The breathing process is accompanied by characteristic noises;
• Swallowing is painful;
• There is an increase in body temperature to 37.5 degrees, which lasts for a long time;
• There is a strong dry cough;
• Lack of appetite;
• Sudden weight loss (if you have a good appetite);
• Insomnia;
• Unstable emotional state;
• In physical condition, there is severe weakness and fatigue;
• Structural changes in the blood – chronic anemia.

The neoplasm occurs within the boundaries of the larynx, without the growth of metastases. The detected disease can be treated - surgical removal using radiation therapy. Recovery occurs in 85% of patients - depending on the chosen method of therapy.

Third stage of the disease

Stage 3 is characterized by active tumor growth and proliferation of malignant cells into nearby tissues. The disease at this stage is often called squamous cell carcinoma. There is an increase in lymph nodes up to 30 mm - this is due to the penetration of malignant metastases. The voice acquires a pronounced hoarse timbre or disappears completely. The diagnosis is usually made at the described stage of the disease. There is severe pain in the throat that increases every day. The cough becomes stronger - there is a lot of sputum with a characteristic unpleasant odor and blood clots.

Life expectancy after treatment can be approximately 5 years. The chance to live longer is present in 60-70% of patients.

Fourth stage

Stage 4 is characterized by multiple penetration of metastases into the gastrointestinal and respiratory organs. Sometimes brain and liver tissue are affected. There is severe swelling of the neck, which puts pressure on the trachea. Compression to a critical position may occur. At this stage, the patient faces problems eating. The first difficulties arise with swallowing hard pieces and thick foods.

A large amount of saliva is produced to push food through, but the opposite effect occurs - pieces of food are pushed back. Every day it is more difficult for the patient to eat liquid and pureed food.

Onset of oropharyngeal cancer

Cancer at this stage is already inoperable - palliative treatment methods are used. Only 25% of victims survive. This stage is further divided into 3:

• Substage 4A is characterized by the germination of malignant cells into the tissue of the thyroid gland and trachea, where the pathology further develops. The lymph nodes are completely affected by metastases, which is expressed by obvious signs.
• In stage 4B, malignant cells invade the spinal cord, carotid artery, and organs of the cardiovascular system.
• Stage 4C is considered the most dangerous for the patient. The tumor extends beyond the larynx. The disease process becomes irreversible and ends in death. The state of health and the timing of malignant processes depend on the physical condition and health of the patient.

At the last stage, oropharyngeal cancer cannot be treated. The victim has a chance to live from 3 to 5 years with well-designed palliative therapy.

Treatment options for laryngeal cancer

Treatment of throat cancer is often a rather difficult task, especially for advanced cases. The larynx is a complex, unpaired organ, so its removal entails a serious degree of disability for patients.

The main and most effective method of treating cancer remains surgery to remove the tumor. Typically, this treatment is accompanied by radiation therapy before or after surgery. It should be noted that irradiation before surgery impairs the ability of tissues to heal, and the postoperative period can be long and difficult, so it is most often prescribed after removal of the tumor.

The stage of the disease determines the scope of intervention. Thus, with stage 1 cancer, it may be sufficient to remove only the tumor itself, with stage 2 cancer, the affected part, and with stage 3 cancer, it is often necessary to resort to radical methods with the removal of the entire larynx.

Today, the main types of operations for malignant tumors of the larynx are:

• Laryngectomy - removal of the entire organ - is the most traumatic and difficult type of treatment;
• Resection – removal of part of the larynx;
• Plastic and reconstructive surgery – aimed at restoring breathing and swallowing in cases of laryngectomy.

If there is a small tumor on the vocal fold, it can be removed along with the fold - a chordectomy. Despite the small volume, this operation is very effective, especially when combined with subsequent radiation therapy. Removing half of the larynx is called hemilaryngectomy.

For stage III tumors and if it is impossible to perform resection, doctors are forced to resort to total laryngectomy with the removal of the hyoid bone and the root of the tongue. Such an intervention is extremely traumatic and leaves the patient no chance for independent breathing and eating, so a tracheostomy is performed (installation of a special device on the neck for breathing) and the insertion of a nasoesophageal tube.

If lymph nodes are involved in the process, it is also necessary to remove them along with neck tissue and other affected tissues.

Patients who have undergone laryngectomy need reconstructive and plastic surgery to restore lost functions, for which both their own skin flaps and various synthetic materials are used.

Radiation therapy is also very relevant for malignant tumors of the larynx, especially in combination with surgical treatment, although in some cases of early cancer it can be used independently. Both external and internal irradiation are performed using various carriers injected directly into the affected tissue.

With the help of irradiation, it is possible to reduce the size of the tumor and slow its growth, as well as prevent relapse in the postoperative period.

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy has only an auxiliary value and complements surgery and radiation therapy. The purpose of using chemotherapy is to prevent the possible spread of cancer cells through the lymphatic and blood vessels (metastasis).

In all cases of malignant tumors of the larynx, painkillers, vitamins and antioxidants are necessarily prescribed, and in the postoperative period, antibacterial therapy is also carried out in order to prevent infectious complications.

Folk remedies have no independent significance, but can only be used as one of the components of combination therapy. As a rinse, you can use tinctures of valerian, bay leaf, chamomile, etc.

Nutrition for throat cancer does not have any significant features, but you should stick to a gentle diet with a limit on coarse, too hot and too cold foods. In addition, you need to completely stop drinking alcohol and smoking.

As for the prevention of throat cancer, such simple methods as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding smoking and alcohol abuse, proper nutrition, as well as timely treatment of inflammatory processes significantly reduce the risk of contracting this insidious disease.

Therapeutic measures

The cure for this disease depends on its degree and the condition of the patient. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be undertaken. Surgery will help remove the tumor, or part of the larynx where the malignant tumor has formed, or remove the entire larynx.

Radiotherapy can be used as a stand-alone method or in combination with other treatment methods. It involves irradiating a tumor using an X-ray machine; the rays either kill cancer cells or slow down their growth. Treatment with radiation devices lasts 5-8 weeks.

Chemotherapy uses medications to kill cancer cells or inhibit their development. This treatment method is used in combination with one of the listed methods.