Rash in a child on the legs and arms without fever, with fever, itches, does not itch

Perhaps every parent has encountered various spots, pimples or other rashes on the baby’s body. The causes of a rash in a child on the stomach and throughout the body can be very diverse, ranging from simple heat rash to serious autoimmune diseases. If you find a rash on your child’s back, stomach or other parts of the body, do not rush to sound the alarm and call an ambulance. This article will help you understand the causes of the rash and understand when you need to see a doctor.

Kinds

It turns out that rashes come in different natures and types. Primary and secondary rashes are distinguished. This is what a rash happens on a child’s legs and arms:

• The tubercles do not have a cavity, are located deep in the dermis, up to 1 cm in diameter. At the same time, the color and texture of the skin is different. They can leave scars and develop into ulcers.
• Blisters are without a cavity, have blurry outlines and are pink in color. Appear due to swelling of the papillary dermis. They pass without a trace, they itch.
• Papules or nodules - do not have a cavity. They may or may not be inflamed and their color has changed. They pass without leaving traces.

• Bubbles - have a bottom, a tire, a cavity. Once they are opened, erosion can occur.
• Pustules or pustules have pus inside. May be superficial or deep.
• Roseola appears as irregularly shaped pink spots. When the skin is stretched, the stain disappears.

If the rash appears again, then the following may form:

• Scarring.
• Abrasions.
• Cracks.
• Scales.
• Erosion.
• Ulcers.

Types, symptoms

Before buying medications and starting treatment on the advice of a friend, you need to show your baby to a doctor. The pediatrician will prescribe adequate therapy based on the collected medical history and test results. You should not put your child in danger by making a diagnosis by eye, since even a minor rash on a baby’s stomach can cause serious complications.

Erythema toxicum

One of the most common ailments that affects the surface of the buttocks, chest, bends of the legs and arms. Spots do not form on mucous membranes, palms or feet. It looks like redness with small nodules - sometimes bubbles form in them. Erythema appears almost immediately after the baby is born and disappears on its own without a trace. Peeling of the skin at the site of pimple formation is normal.

If you do not neglect hygiene procedures, the original condition of the skin will quickly be restored. There is no need to worry, since this is a natural process of adaptation of the child’s body to new conditions outside the mother’s womb.

Prickly heat

Rashes in the neck and buttocks are the first signs of overheating of a toddler. Infants have not yet developed body thermoregulation, so high temperature in the room provokes the development of prickly heat. Sometimes the defect looks like a “necklace”, since it most often affects the folds in the head and shoulder area. Small, transparent, reddish blisters are not dangerous, but the itching may cause anxiety for the baby.

When scratching the affected areas, pain appears, which is why the baby becomes capricious. Prevention of prickly heat involves maintaining an optimal microclimate in the children's room and regular hygienic care for the baby.

Important! Overheating is just as dangerous for newborns as cooling, so a middle ground should be observed. Miliaria occurs not only in the warm season - the stuffy, dry air of an apartment during the heating season is an ideal condition for the development of the disease.

Pemphigus

Medicine knows about five different types of pemphigus with individual causes. All forms are united by a common symptomatology - externally the plaques resemble a burn. The most common rash is on the chest and abdomen of infants; the buttocks, head, and face are also affected. The location of the spots depends on the type of disease, and some types can become malignant.

As external signs develop, the baby’s condition worsens - lethargy, irritability, decreased appetite, and sleep disturbance appear. Burn islands burst, the exposed weeping tissue increases the risk of developing a secondary bacterial infection, so diagnosis and therapy should not be delayed.

Ritter's disease

The disease is a severe form of pemphigus. More often it affects newborns due to the immaturity of the protective functions of the skin. It develops after contact with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus; less commonly, a streptococcal infection is added to the infection. Can be transmitted from maternity ward medical staff or the mother.

The primary symptom is the appearance of a bright red spot with signs of inflammation in the lip area. In the second stage, blisters form, which subsequently burst, leading to peeling of the skin. If not treated in a timely manner, the condition is complicated by pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Severe discomfort or major problems in the form of kidney damage are possible.

Erysipelas

Another form of streptococcal infection, which is characterized by a red rash on the abdomen of an infant. The “entrance gate” of infection is affected: the area of ​​the navel, anus, and genitals, where pink and scarlet plaques with severe swelling are formed. In the absence of redness, purulent subcutaneous abscesses form, followed by tissue death, if we are talking about the gangrenous form of the disease. Erysipelas is characterized by accompanying symptoms:

• enlarged lymph nodes;
• increased heart rate;
• lethargy, decreased child activity, breast refusal;
• body temperature can rise to a critical level of 40°C.

The source of infection is the mother and medical staff, and the disease also develops against the background of scratching skin rashes due to diathesis and insect bites.

Allergic reaction

Allergies occur due to violations of the diet of a nursing mother or under the influence of aggressive external factors. Acute reactions are divided into four types:

1. Food (diathesis). The rash on the face and stomach of a baby grows quite quickly. The initial stage affects the chin, cheeks, forearms, then the redness spreads to the back and legs. Allergies have a cumulative effect, and the cause of the disease lies in the mother’s poor diet, poor-quality formula, or incorrect complementary feeding.
2. Eczema. Relief lesions are visually noticeable on the ankles, hands, neck, and face. In the absence of treatment, crusts form on the spots, which crack, causing severe itching.
3. Contact dermatitis. Outwardly, it resembles chafing of the skin or a small rash; it appears in response to hygiene products with strong fragrances: soap, rinse aid, washing powder. Synthetic and woolen fabrics can provoke allergic dermatitis, so contact of the baby's delicate skin with artificial materials should be avoided.
4. Hives. Convex spots of orange or red hue have varying degrees of severity and shape. A whitish liquid often accumulates inside large plaques.

Important! If urticaria is accompanied by swelling of the eyes, fingers and lips, you should urgently call an ambulance. This is how Quincke's edema develops, which can be fatal. If your baby is prone to allergic reactions, your home medicine cabinet should always contain antihistamines.

Lichen

A fungal skin infection most easily affects children in the first year of life, since the immune system of infants is still quite weak. Pink rashes on the belly and back of a baby should alert the mother. The causative agent of lichen will not stop at one area - it will definitely continue to “capture new territories”, moving to the arms, legs and head. A small spot will “grow with neighbors” in a short period of time, merging into large-scale redness.

Peeling appears on pink plaques with clear rounded borders, causing itching. When scratching, a secondary infection occurs, a general deterioration of the condition is accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes and elevated temperature. Ringworm does not cause severe discomfort, but its danger lies in its contagiousness. The causative agents of the disease can mutate, so only a specialist can prescribe a competent course of treatment. The doctor will determine whether it is really a fungal infection or dermatosis of a non-infectious nature.

Psoriasis

It manifests itself as a rash on the head, stomach and back of the baby, and can affect other parts of the body. The trigger for psoriasis is the influence of allergens or ultraviolet radiation, trauma, stress. More often it occurs due to a genetic predisposition and appears as scaly pink spots. The disease is characterized by the presence of the psoriatic triad:

1. When scraping the top layer, shavings are formed that resemble stearin. Due to disturbances in the layers of the skin, the production of fats increases, which leads to the formation of a “stearin stain”.
2. Under the top layer there is a so-called “terminal film”, similar to thin polyethylene.
3. If you continue to scrape, droplets of blood will appear on the film.

Important! Only a doctor should carry out such a diagnosis, since with independent manipulations there is a high risk of infection.

Chicken pox

An acute viral disease is transmitted by airborne droplets and is accompanied by specific symptoms:

1. A rash on the stomach in a one-year-old child and older children begins with single small blisters that spread further throughout the body.
2. As the pimples heal, they become crusty and the affected areas become very itchy.
3. Fever is one of the symptoms, but chickenpox can occur without it.

The absence of new blisters on the body indicates the final stage of the disease. No special therapy is required, except for treating acne with brilliant green, but this is necessary to control the expansion of the virus focus.

Measles

Initial rashes appear on the face, spreading to other areas of the body. The intensity of redness varies from very light to pronounced. On the second day, the spots fade, and after a week the skin defects completely disappear. Measles is accompanied by fever, runny nose, cough and general weakness.

Rubella

The symptoms are similar to measles, since the rash begins on the neck and face. Before the visual manifestation of the disease, a phase characteristic of acute respiratory infections passes:

• a sore throat;
• cough;
• temperature rise to 38°C.

After about 4-5 days, the spots completely disappear, and after a couple more days the child is no longer considered a source of infection.

Insect bites

The baby may not react to a mosquito or midge bite, but an encounter with a bee or wasp will definitely be painful. The affected area swells, turns red, and a small lump may form. The bites appear as single spots, but after the “attack” of the midges, the rash on the legs and stomach of the newborn is often diffuse.

Diagnostics

If a rash appears on your child’s legs and arms, you should urgently seek help from a pediatrician and dermatologist. First, the doctor should carefully examine:

• View.
• Form.
• Color.
• Quantity.
• The nature of the rash.
• The location of the rash is also important.

Next it turns out:

• Presence or absence of fever.
• What infectious diseases have you suffered?
• What hereditary diseases are there?
• Tendency to allergies.
• Photosensitivity.

As a rule, a rash is not the underlying disease, but is a symptom of some disease. It is a sign that a malfunction has occurred in the body. To determine the cause of this manifestation, the doctor prescribes tests. First of all, a blood and urine test. It is also possible to analyze the secretion of ulcers. After examination and analysis, the doctor prescribes treatment. What could be the reasons why a child has a rash on his legs and arms?

Factors that cause stomach rash in children

Almost every such manifestation is accompanied by itching, which may vary in intensity, depending on the factor of occurrence. If the rash is caused by inflammatory processes occurring in the baby’s body, you should be concerned.

Main symptoms:

• Dermatitis is a simple skin disease that may not manifest itself in anything other than the formation of a rash.
• An allergic rash on the stomach of a child is the most common factor that causes spots to appear. It can be caused by poor ecology, the child’s interaction with a pet, improper diet, medications and even ordinary ornamental plants can affect the rash. Usually, with allergic reactions, there is also a desire to constantly sleep, watery eyes, and constant sneezing.
• Herpes - with this disease, papules appear on the surface of the abdomen in the form of a belt, which is located at the level of the child’s last rib. This rash on a child’s stomach itches.
• Eczema and psoriasis are diseases of the skin. However, with them, the rash is present not only on the stomach, but also on the baby’s arms.

Sources of the problem

For a child’s body, a rash is a very important symptom of certain diseases, so consulting a doctor is important. The reasons for this may be the following:

1. Allergic diseases.
2. Infectious.
3. Parasitic infections.
4. Vascular and blood diseases.
5. Violations of hygiene rules.

If the rash accompanies an infectious disease, the body temperature will certainly increase. There are other signs, these could be:

• Cough.
• Rhinitis.
• A sore throat.

Let's look at some diseases that are accompanied, in addition to a rash, also by fever.

Other causes of rash without fever

The following diseases, which may be accompanied by itching and rash, are less common:

• Toxic erythema. The pathology is accompanied by the appearance of papules, redness, and nodules, which disappear within a few days. The disease is associated with exposure to harmful substances on the body.
• Pemphigus. A disorder with a red rash that is very itchy. Inside the resulting bubbles there is a viscous, cloudy liquid. If the bubble bursts, a red base is revealed underneath.
• Ritter's disease. Red rashes appear without fever or itching, located in children on the stomach or in other places. The bubbles increase in size and gradually burst.
• Erysipelas. The disease is caused by an infectious agent. It starts from the navel area and spreads throughout the abdomen, often found in newborn babies with an unhealed umbilical cord.
• Lichen. Spots covered with scales are very itchy and increase in size.
• Psoriasis. An autoimmune disease that causes colorless pink spots, mild itching and flaking.

Rash with fever

When an infection enters the body, its first reaction is fever. Skin rashes can appear with or without fever. There are several infectious diseases, the symptom of which is a rash.

This group includes:

• Chicken pox.
• Rubella.
• Scarlet fever.
• Measles.
• Enterovirus infection.
• Meningococcemia.

Each disease has its own characteristics of the spread of rashes.

This is especially true for childhood diseases. Let's look at which of them cause a rash on the child's legs and arms, as well as on the body and face.

What else can cause a rash?

The scabies mite is a small parasite that lives on the human body. It causes not only a rash, but also itching. And he only appears at night. The rash is also present on the skin of the back and between the fingers.

Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules is very common among children. Due to their age, they do not know how to properly care for their bodies. But the parent may not always immediately pay attention to this. For example, a child may be in water for a long time. Or he may wear the same dirty underwear. Then a rash appears on the child’s stomach without itching.

And, of course, the most common infectious diseases are accompanied by the appearance of various types of rashes. With rubella, chickenpox, scarlet fever and measles, you cannot do without it; it can also be accompanied by itching, or maybe without it. Each disease has its own rash. So with scarlet fever, this manifestation occurs in the groin area in the lower abdomen, accompanied by severe itching. However, after a few days it subsides and turns into normal peeling.

Chickenpox

This disease occurs most often in children. There are no vaccinations for it. The first sign of this disease is the appearance of red spots, which very quickly turn into blisters. In addition to blisters on the face, head, and body, the child also has a rash on the legs and arms. The temperature is elevated, and the baby may experience weakness and headache for some time.

If the blister is torn off, scars remain. The main problem of this disease is that the rash on the child’s arms and legs itches, and there is a risk of infection. The doctor may prescribe medications to relieve itching.

Scabies

The causative agent of this disease is the scabies mite, which settles under the top layer of skin and begins to actively lay eggs, causing changes in the skin.

Scabies is quite easily confused with miliaria due to the fact that the rash and itching progresses intensively at night and occurs in places where the mite is most comfortable: on the folds of the arms and legs, around the navel, armpits, on the thighs and buttocks, and sometimes even on the stomach .

The scabies rash resembles small red nodules, in place of which, after opening, bloody and purulent crusts form, which indicates a secondary infection.

This disease cannot be cured with herbal decoctions; this requires medications that can actively destroy the tick.

Rubella

This disease occurs with elevated temperature. In older children, joint pain and general intoxication are possible. Rashes appear on the 1st day or on the second day. First - on the face, neck, torso, then a small rash spreads on the child’s arms and legs, mainly on the folds. The younger the child, the milder this disease occurs.

However, in adolescents, complications such as encephalitis and meningoencephalitis are possible. This disease is especially dangerous for pregnant women; fetal developmental defects are possible. Vaccination is also prohibited for immunocompromised patients. However, rubella is milder than scarlet fever.

Causes, associated symptoms

The rash (exanthema) that appears on the child’s stomach has a different structure, shape, and color.

The most common types of rashes:

• large spots (macules), connected together, differing in color from the skin;
• small specks randomly scattered across the surface of the skin;
• a small rash on the child’s stomach in the form of goosebumps;
• bubbles (vesicles) with a whitish or grayish liquid contained inside.

Exanthema can appear in a child of any age. The reasons that trigger the appearance of a rash on the stomach, back and chest in older children may differ from the rashes that affect infants.

For newborn children whose umbilical cord has not had time to heal, it is common to develop an infectious disease such as erysipelas, which is characterized by the appearance of a rash on the baby’s stomach in the navel area.

Sometimes parents ignore the appearance of a rash on the child’s elbows and knees, consulting a doctor only if the rash covers the stomach or other parts of the body and itches. But this phenomenon may also indicate the presence of a serious illness.

Often, uncomfortable, tight clothing causes irritation in the armpits, creating an itchy rash. If the rash under the armpits does not go away and spreads across the child’s abdomen, back, and chest, this may be a sign of a more dangerous disease.

The cause of exanthema can be:

1. Infectious, fungal, parasitic pathologies.
2. Allergy.
3. Diseases of the blood and blood vessels.
4. Failure to comply with hygiene rules.

In case of infectious diseases, an increase in temperature, cough and rash appear on the abdomen and other parts of the child’s body.

Allergic rash

The most common cause of rashes in children is the body's reaction to various allergens. The child develops a rash on his stomach that is very itchy.

An allergic reaction can be caused by: food, washing powder, dust, animal hair, medications. In newborns, a rash can be caused by improperly selected hygiene products and the introduction of complementary foods. The allergen can enter the child's body through breast milk.

Allergic rashes are small itchy red spots covering the child’s stomach, back, and face; there is usually no increase in temperature, and sometimes the rash does not itch.

A distinctive feature of allergies is that, apart from discomfort due to itching, the baby feels well, eats normally, and sleeps. Sometimes accompanying symptoms are observed: profuse runny nose, tearing, the child often sneezes.

The allergic nature of the rash is determined by pressing on the affected area of ​​the skin. With allergies, the spots fade and become invisible.

Important! The appearance of swelling on the face in parallel with the rash may indicate Quincke's edema or allergic shock. Urgent hospitalization of the baby is required, as swelling, spreading to the respiratory tract, can lead to suffocation.

If the allergen turns out to be washing powder or another laundry detergent, the skin areas that come into contact with the allergen will develop a rash. Allergies can be caused by synthetic fabric used to sew baby clothes.

Determining the allergen can be difficult; a number of studies are required.

The presence of allergic reactions in the baby’s relatives is important. This will help you quickly recognize the allergen and correctly diagnose the disease.

Prickly heat

Often, especially in an infant, a skin rash appears on the abdomen, in the folds of the neck, arms, and legs, unaccompanied by itching and fever.

The rash that appears is the result of prickly heat, which occurs due to overheating of the baby. The cause of diaper rash and rashes can be untimely changing of the diaper.

The appearance of prickly heat is provoked by being in a room that is too hot or by diseases accompanied by high temperature. Antipyretic drugs increase sweating, causing a rash on the baby's skin.

Timely observance of hygiene procedures, selection of baby’s clothes according to the weather, and air baths will help to avoid prickly heat.

Chicken pox

The most common infectious disease is chickenpox. It is characterized by the appearance of a rash on the child’s stomach or back, gradually covering the face, head, and limbs.

Exanthems are red itchy spots that turn into transparent blisters after a certain time. Parents need to make sure that the baby does not scratch the blisters, otherwise they will burst, leaving an abscess.

A rash on the stomach and other parts of the child’s body appears simultaneously with the temperature, but usually it does not exceed 38°C.

Chickenpox itself is not dangerous, but in adults or children over 10 years of age it is much more severe than in children and can cause complications.

Ringworm on the stomach

The appearance of skin rashes is sometimes associated with lichen of fungal or viral origin.

Ringworm is characterized by pinkish-red spots of different sizes and shapes, causing severe itching. The color of the spots can be purple, brown, even yellowish.

Attention! Ringworm rash is characterized by flaky scales covering the spots and hair loss.

The rash affects the scalp and any parts of the body:

• shoulders;
• stomach;
• back;
• groin area;
• legs, arms;
• chest;
• lower back.

The infection is transmitted from a sick child to a healthy one. Most often this happens when visiting a child care facility. Close contact with sick animals can also cause lichen.

Children with weakened immune systems suffer most from fungal infections.

Scabies

Often the cause of the rash lies in the scabies mite that has settled under the baby’s skin. It is usually activated at night. The tick makes tiny passages between the fingers, in the folds of the arms and legs, around the navel, in the armpits, and on the stomach. Sometimes scabies is confused with prickly heat. It can be distinguished by the pairwise (entrance - exit of the parasite) arrangement of red dots, the distance between which is no more than 2-3 mm.

Scabies infection occurs through close contact with a sick person, through the use of common things. It is possible to destroy a tick with the help of medications.

Rubella

One of the infectious diseases characterized by the appearance of a small red rash on the child’s stomach is rubella. For this pathology, accompanying symptoms are possible:

• headache, runny nose;
• temperature increase;
• enlarged lymph nodes at the back of the head.

Rubella may be accompanied by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. At the same time, children are bothered by a sore throat and dry throat. When examining the oral cavity, small red spots are noticeable on the palate.

The rash affects the entire body within a few hours. Most often, red spots appear on the first day of the disease, but may appear later: on the second or third day.

Sprinkles most generously on the back, lower back, buttocks, and bends of the limbs. The concentration of rash on the face is much less than on the body. Exanthema is a small spot that does not protrude above the skin level. When you press or stretch the skin, it disappears. After recovery, the spots disappear without leaving any defects on the skin. The method of transmission of the disease is airborne, so children attending educational institutions are most often infected.

Measles

Skin lesions also occur when infected with measles. Children aged from one to 14 years are susceptible to infectious diseases. Infants under one year of age are immune to this pathology acquired through the mother's placenta.

The first two days the child is worried about high temperature, cough, runny nose; on days 2-3, a gradual appearance of the rash is observed, first covering the head, then the stomach, and limbs. The rash appears as bright red nodules protruding above the skin level. Unlike rubella, a large accumulation of the rash is more noticeable on the face than on the torso.

As the disease progresses, the papules increase in size and merge into spots. The rash causes severe itching in the baby.

On the third day from the onset of the rash, the rash fades away, the exanthema turns into pigmentation, and peeling of the skin is possible.

The disease is very dangerous and sometimes causes serious complications. Since measles is transmitted by airborne droplets, timely vaccination will help prevent the disease.

Insect bites

Various insects can harm the health of children: ticks, bedbugs, wasps, bees, fleas, mosquitoes. Their bites cause skin rashes. The danger comes from household ticks or bedbugs living in pillows, blankets, and furniture. They become active at night, attacking exposed areas of the body. Infants are especially affected by ticks. A rash in an infant can appear anywhere, but most often it occurs on the stomach and back. The etiology of the appearance of rashes in a baby can be determined by droplets of blood remaining on the bed linen.

Often, especially in private homes, fleas appear, penetrating into the living space from basements, from the street on shoes, and often brought in by pets. Flea bites are located mainly on the legs; in small children they can cover the stomach, back and even the face.

Being at the dacha, in the forest, there is a danger of being attacked by bees and wasps. Bees often bite the feet of children running barefoot on grass or lawns. The heads, necks, and hands of children are mainly attacked by wasps. In summer, mosquito bites become more frequent, concentrating near bodies of water.

Insect bites pose a great danger to children suffering from allergic reactions. Redness and itching can spread throughout the body, sometimes swelling appears, threatening anaphylactic shock. You should avoid places where insects may accumulate, and always have special medicines with you to provide first aid to your baby.

Parasitic diseases

Skin lesions may be a sign of parasites in the baby's body. An allergic rash is the body's reaction to poisoning by toxins produced by worms. Some larvae can penetrate the skin, causing a rash.

A helminth rash appears as bright red itchy formations, several centimeters in size.

Initially, skin lesions are observed in places where there is no fat layer: back, chin. Then the exanthems spread throughout the body, covering the feet, legs, arms, appearing between the fingers and toes. Often boils are concentrated in the armpits and popliteal hollows.

In parallel with the rash, the baby’s general well-being deteriorates, there is no appetite, a cough appears, and complaints of pain in the stomach and head.

This disease occurs due to violations of personal hygiene rules, the child being in unsanitary conditions, the consumption of meat products that have not undergone the necessary thermal treatment, and is transmitted through domestic animals.

Measles

A dangerous infectious disease that is easily transmitted through the air with minor contact with a carrier of the infection.

There is a vaccine against measles. This disease is accompanied by intoxication of the body. Symptoms characteristic of a cold are present - coughing, watery eyes, sneezing. The temperature rises to high values. The rash begins from the mucous membrane of the cheeks, then moves to the face, the entire torso, and limbs (in the form of papules rising above the skin). Dangerous complications on the bronchi, can cause pneumonia.

Types of rash

The primary morphological elements of the rash develop as a consequence of the pathological process; they usually appear on intact skin and mucous membranes. Types: A spot (macula) is an area of ​​skin with a changed color, but in terms of consistency and surface relief, the lesion does not differ from the surrounding normal skin. There are vascular, hemorrhagic and pigment spots.

Vascular spots of small sizes - roseola, which have a round or oval shape and are the most common manifestation on the skin of infectious diseases such as scarlet fever, rubella, typhus, etc., and inflammatory spots ranging in size from 2 to 10 cm or more - erythema.

Merging with each other, foci of erythema can spread to the entire skin. Hemorrhagic spots develop due to the penetration of red blood cells through the vascular wall when it is damaged (ruptured) or increases permeability. Pigment spots are formed due to changes in the content of pigments in the skin (usually melanin).

A blister is a cavityless, acutely inflammatory morphological element that develops as a result of acute swelling of the papillary dermis (for example, with urticaria). When they resolve, the skin does not change. Bubble (vesicle) is a small cavity formation containing serous or serous-hemorrhagic fluid; its size is from 1 to 5 mm in diameter.

The blisters are usually located on a swollen, hyperemic base (for example, with herpes, eczema), but they can also appear on externally unchanged skin (for example, with prickly heat). After opening the blisters, small superficial erosions are observed on the skin, releasing serous exudate (wetting); later the erosions become epithelialized.

A bubble (bulla) is a large cavity formation that develops as a result of exogenous or endogenous disorders. Blisters can be located on unchanged skin (for example, with pemphigus) or on an inflammatory basis. The lining of the blisters may be tight or loose.

Pustule (ulcer) is a cavity formation with purulent contents, ranging in size from several millimeters to several centimeters, spherical, cone-shaped or flat in shape. Depending on the depth of occurrence in the skin, superficial pustules, located in the epidermis, and deep, localized in the dermis, are distinguished. Deep pustules culminate in the formation of a scar.

Papule (nodule) is a cavity-free superficial formation of dense or soft consistency that resolves without a scar. Depending on the size, miliary (1-2 mm in diameter), lenticular (up to 5 mm), nummular (15-20 mm) papules are distinguished. As a result of their fusion, larger papules - plaques - may appear.

A tubercle is a cavityless formation that occurs as a result of the development of a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis. The bumps may rise above the surface of the skin or lie deep within it. Their size ranges from 3-5 mm to 20-30 mm in diameter. The color of the tubercles ranges from pinkish-red to yellow-red, copper-red, and bluish.

When pressing on the surface of the tubercle, the color may change. A node is a limited dense formation with a diameter of 1-5 cm or more, round or oval in shape.

Located in the deep layers of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. They are predominantly inflammatory in nature. They can protrude above the surface of the skin, or can only be determined by palpation (by touch). Secondary morphological elements of the rash develop after the primary ones. Types: Skin dyschromia - pigmentation disorders in place of resolved primary morphological elements.

A distinction is made between hyperpigmentation, caused by an increase in the content of melanin pigment in the cells of the basal layer of the epidermis and the deposition of hemosiderin (for example, at the site of a body lice bite), and hypopigmentation, or depigmentation, associated with a decrease in melanin deposition.

Scales are loosened, sloughing cells of the stratum corneum, usually accumulating on the surface of the primary morphological elements. The scales can be pityriasis-like, small-lamellar (for example, with measles) and large-plate (for example, with scarlet fever, toxicoderma).

Crust - various kinds of exudate, discharge from erosions, ulcers, dried on the surface of the skin. There are serous crusts consisting of fibrin, epidermal cells, leukocytes; purulent crusts containing many leukocytes; bloody crusts with a large number of hemolyzed red blood cells.

The crusts can be thin or thick, layered, of various shapes. A scar is a coarse fibrous connective tissue growth that replaces a deep skin defect. The surface of the scar is smooth, devoid of grooves, pores, and hair. There are scars that are flat, hypertrophic (keloid), and atrophic (located below the surface of the surrounding skin).

Vegetations are uneven papillomatous growths of the epidermis and papillary layer of the dermis on the surface of the primary elements. It is customary to distinguish between monomorphic and polymorphic rashes.

A monomorphic rash consists of only one primary morphological element (for example, blisters in pemphigus vulgaris; roseola in rubella; petechiae in hemorrhagic vasculitis; blisters in chickenpox; blisters in urticaria), polymorphic - from several primary or secondary elements of the rash.

The rash can be limited, widespread, or universal. Rashes that form lesions can be located symmetrically or asymmetrically, along the neurovascular bundles.

They may tend to merge or remain isolated (with chickenpox), grouped, forming geometric shapes (a circle or oval with annular erythema). The rash may have a characteristic localization on the extensor surface of the forearms and shoulders, on the scalp and behind the ears, etc. You need to pay attention to this.

Source: mamuli.club

Scarlet fever

This is an infectious disease transmitted by airborne droplets, through dirty hands and objects. It starts with a sore throat and chills. Then a small rash appears on the child’s arms and legs with fever. Most often in the bends of the arms and legs. The rash then spreads to the face, neck, and torso. The source of the rash is streptococcus. The throat begins to hurt, which is very similar to a viral infection. The main thing for definition is language. It will be raspberry in color.

As soon as the temperature begins to decrease, lamellar peeling of the skin of the hands and feet begins. With this disease, it is very important to maintain bed rest and drink fluids. Antibiotics are required for treatment. Complications to the heart and kidneys are possible.

Helpful information

Chickenpox is one of the common childhood diseases that causes a rash, so it is important for parents to know the symptoms and treatment of this disease in children.

In addition, many questions arise regarding what the lifestyle should be like during an illness: can a child go for a walk with chickenpox, or another quite important question: is it possible to bathe a child with this disease?

To treat chickenpox, brilliant green is used, but it is not always convenient to use it, which raises the question: what else to apply to chickenpox, besides brilliant green? You can learn about all this by reading our articles.

What did you do when your child first developed a rash on his stomach and back? How did the baby feel, and what was the treatment? We will be glad if you tell your stories in the comments and share useful tips that can really help others. And also leave your feedback on the article you read.

Enterovirus infection

Preschool children are susceptible to these diseases. A rash appears on the child’s legs and arms without fever. It usually doesn't itch.

The child may be healthy or there may be a slight increase in temperature within one or two days. This occurs due to imperfections and sensitivity of children's skin.

Herpes viruses

This virus has many varieties, let’s consider only those that have one of the symptoms - a red rash on the stomach:

• Chickenpox is an acute disease that is caused by the zoster virus. The rash spreads throughout the body and is very itchy. The general condition of the child is disturbed, there is weakness in the limbs, headaches, and the body temperature rises to 40 degrees. Small rashes merge with each other and form large blisters. For treatment, you can use potassium permanganate and ointment with acyclovir solution.
• One type of herpes is infectious mononucleosis. This disease is characterized by an increase in temperature and the formation of papules on the abdomen, face and chest of the child. It is considered the most dangerous, as it can be the beginning of the formation of Burkitt's lymphoma in the body. The treatment process occurs in a complex of therapeutic measures.
• Shingles - this disease can only occur after the patient has had chickenpox. Occurs against a background of decreased immunity. The rash is located on the body in places where nerve fibers pass. The papules themselves itch and burn very badly. Sometimes it is confused with kidney disease. It is necessary to consult a neurologist and immunologist.

What other causes of a rash on a child’s stomach?

Hemorrhagic vasculitis

This disease is characterized by a rash on the child’s arms and legs with fever, mainly in the area of ​​the folds. At first, small blisters or lumps appear, then the rash turns red, acquires the color of rust, and disappears completely. It is believed that the disease can be caused by allergies, trauma, or be a consequence of acute infectious diseases such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis. Accompanied by fever and joint pain. With the lightning-fast course of this disease, death is possible. It is necessary to pay careful attention to treatment.

Prickly heat

Miliaria occurs when a child’s skin overheats. It can occur in hot weather or in cold weather, when the baby is dressed in too warm clothes, and is small blisters filled with clear liquid.

Bubbles form in places where overheating occurs most intensely, i.e. in the folds on the neck, legs and arms, and in some cases even on the stomach if the baby sweats intensely due to overheating. Miliaria can also be provoked by various infectious diseases if there is a high temperature and intense sweating.

Non-infectious rash with itching

There are a number of diseases in which the rashes are very itchy. For example, with scabies, a rash appears on a child’s legs and arms without fever, most often on the folds between the fingers. As a rule, it itches a lot, especially at night. Also, with helminthiasis, the rashes itch.

The presence of fungus on the skin of children is one of the causes of rashes in the form of blisters, erosions, and red spots. The localization of the fungus is usually on the legs, palms, feet, and wrists. The rash spreads especially quickly on moist areas of the skin. Can be easily transmitted through contact with a contaminated object. Infections occur especially often in places where there is a damp environment (shower, bathroom). The disease is accompanied by severe itching without fever.

Rash on the back and stomach of a child: types and description

Rashes on the back and rashes on the stomach differ depending on the reasons that caused them. There are several main types of skin changes that appear in almost every baby.

Allergic rash

This type of rash usually manifests itself in the form of various dermatitis. The main difference between allergic dermatitis and other diseases is severe itching and redness of the affected area.

In order to determine the cause of the allergy, parents should carefully monitor after which products or procedures the child begins to experience itching.

The most common reasons are:

• Food. Any product can cause a negative reaction.
• Allergies in a child can become especially aggravated when new foods are introduced into the diet;
• pollen, odors (for example, the aroma of perfume, fish, etc.);
• a certain type of fabric. Allergies are usually caused by synthetic fibers.

Hives

This is one of the types of allergic reactions.

Urticaria is not difficult to recognize: it usually appears as reddish spots and small blisters.

This disease is always accompanied by severe itching. A red rash on the back may be a symptom that the fabric on which the baby is lying is causing an allergic reaction.

Small dots

The spots appear at the site of diaper rash and quickly disappear after following hygiene procedures using high-quality products.

This symptom is most characteristic of prickly heat.

In addition to prickly heat, small red dots can be a symptom of measles. Red rashes with this disease are usually found on the stomach and neck. A red rash on the abdomen may be a manifestation of dermatitis. A small rash on the abdomen may appear as a result of insect bites.

Pimples

Acne is most often associated with teenage hormonal changes, but it can affect babies too. Breasts often suffer from small pimples on the face.

The main reasons are: changes in temperature, poor nutrition, “blooming”, etc.

Stains

Spots on the back and other parts of the body can be a sign of many diseases. One of the common causes of spots is rubella.

At the beginning of the disease, spots appear on the cheeks, but then quickly spread to the stomach and back. Chickenpox is also characterized by small pink spots. With smallpox, severe skin itching occurs.

Other manifestations

In addition to small rashes, ulcerative formations may appear on the baby’s tummy, which may be caused by diseases of a viral nature. If you find ulcers on your baby's stomach or back, consult a doctor immediately.

Small rash without itching

If a small rash appears on the child’s arms and legs and does not itch, pseudotuberculosis may be at the initial stage of development. This disease is transmitted by rodents - after contact with things to which they had access. This disease appears very rarely in children, but it still exists.

If a child was born with congenital syphilis or was infected in utero, the rash may appear from time to time without bothering him. These are papules with a pustular core. Such rashes are not accompanied by itching and fever.

Also, a small rash can be the result of a hereditary infectious disease such as psoriasis. In children under 2 years of age it is rare, but at an older age the risk of development, due to heredity, is quite possible. It begins with a small rash in the form of dry plaques of round and oval shape, red-pink in color, with noticeable peeling on top. It spreads over large areas of the skin, in the area of ​​the knees, elbows, and head - this is a characteristic sign of psoriasis. This rash does not itch. In infants it can appear and go away, and in adulthood it can return again.

Rash caused by infection

The most common cause of a rash on a child's body is a viral or bacterial infection. In turn, among them there are 6 main diseases.

Erythema infectiosum

The disease is caused by parvovirus B19, which is common in all countries of the world. The virus is transmitted by airborne droplets; contact transmission is possible in close children's groups. Symptoms of erythema infectiosum:

• The incubation period lasts 4-28 days, on average 2 weeks.
• The prodromal period occurs with low fever, headache and moderate cough. The general condition of the child is quite satisfactory.
• Characteristic rashes that go through 3 stages: facial redness (similar to slap marks)
• spread of a red rash on the body of children, in the form of spots, sometimes with a bluish tint

• the appearance of light spots in the center, the rash takes on a “lace” character

The rash forms on the extensor surfaces; the hands and feet are usually not affected. The fading of spots occurs gradually, over 1-3 weeks. The rash is usually an immune-related post-infectious complication, so children with patches of erythema are not contagious and do not need to be isolated.

Sudden exanthema

Herpes virus type 6 causes a typical childhood disease - sudden exanthema (roseola). The peak incidence occurs between 10 months and 2 years of age, and contacts with sick children are rarely identified. Transmission usually occurs from adults through airborne transmission. Symptoms:

• The latent period lasts 5-15 days.

• The prodromal period is not very pronounced. There may be malaise, a slight runny nose, redness of the throat, slight swelling of the eyelids, and swollen lymph nodes.
• A sharp rise in temperature to 38-40 degrees. Some children may be fussy, but often the behavior is completely normal, even in extreme heat. In 10% of children, febrile seizures may occur due to fever.
• A sharp (most often) decrease in temperature after 3 days and the appearance of a small rash on the body the next day after the fever disappears. The rashes look like small pink spots, sometimes slightly raised above the surface. They appear first on the torso and then spread to other parts of the body. After 1-3 days, the rash fades away, and in many children it is almost invisible and lasts for several hours.

Roseola is a very specific disease, but it often goes unrecognized by pediatricians. Since teeth are actively cutting at the age of 1 year, fever is attributed to this condition. It must be remembered that teething never causes a temperature above 38 degrees. With this heat there is always another reason!

Chicken pox

Chickenpox (chickenpox) is a primary infection with the varicella zoster virus, similar in structure to the herpes simplex virus. Most children become infected before the age of 15. Transmission of the disease occurs through the air or by contact (the virus is present in the discharge from the rash). Symptoms:

• 
  The latent, incubation period of chickenpox lasts from 10 to 21 days, usually two weeks.

• The period of malaise occurs 24-48 hours before the rash appears (see: Is it possible to swim with chickenpox and how to relieve itching with chickenpox). Children complain of headaches, sometimes of mild abdominal pain. The temperature rises moderately (see the first signs of chickenpox).
• The rash appears on the head, face, and torso (Figure 1).

  
  Initially, this is a red spot that turns into a papule, and then into a vesicle - a bubble with a clear liquid, usually single-chamber. After a day, the liquid becomes cloudy, and a depression forms in the center of the bubble. The bubble becomes crusty. A characteristic feature of chickenpox is the simultaneous existence of rash elements at different stages of development: spots, papules, vesicles, crusts. With new additions, the temperature may rise. After the rash disappears, spots may remain and go away within a week. Due to the itching, children tend to scratch the rashes - if they become infected, significant scars may remain.

In most children who have recovered from the disease, the chickenpox virus goes into a latent form, becoming firmly entrenched in the nerve cells. Subsequently, a second wave of the disease may occur in the form of herpes zoster (Fig. 2.), when blisters form along the nerve trunk, often on the lower back.

Complications of the disease occur rarely, mainly in weakened children with primary immunodeficiency and AIDS. With congenital chickenpox, there is a risk of disability and death of the newborn. In 2019, in Russia, the chickenpox vaccine should be included in the national vaccination calendar.

Meningococcal infection

Meningococcus is a bacterium that is normally found in the nasopharynx of 5-10% of people without causing serious problems. But under certain conditions, this microbe can cause life-threatening conditions, especially in young children. Meningococcus is transmitted by air, settling in the nasal cavity. With viral infections or a decrease in quality of life, carriage can develop into active disease. If meningococci are detected in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid, urgent treatment with antibiotics is required in an intensive care unit.

Once in the blood, the bacterium can cause:

• sepsis (blood poisoning)
• meningitis
• combination of these conditions

Sepsis - the disease begins with an increase in temperature to 41 degrees, uncontrollable vomiting. During the first 24 hours, a characteristic petechial rash (small bruises that grow and take on a star-shaped shape) appears against the background of pale gray skin.

The rashes are located on the limbs, torso, can rise above the skin, often ulcerate and form scars. At the same time, purulent foci may appear in the organs (heart, pericardium, pleural cavity). In young children, sepsis often occurs at lightning speed with the development of shock and death.

Meningitis is a more common manifestation of infection. Patients complain of photophobia, headache, disturbances of consciousness, and tension in the neck muscles. With isolated meningitis, there is no characteristic rash.

Measles

Measles is a previously common viral disease that now occurs in short outbreaks in certain regions. In recent years, the virus has reared its head again due to widespread anti-vaccination agitation. Most people are highly susceptible to the measles virus, so if one child in a group of children gets sick, then 90% of the remaining unvaccinated children are at risk of becoming infected.

The disease occurs in three stages:

• Incubation (hidden), which lasts 10-12 days. By day 9, a sick child is contagious.
• Prodromal (general malaise), lasting 3-5 days. It begins acutely and progresses with fever, dry cough, runny nose, and red eyes. On the 2nd day, Filatov-Koplik spots appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks: whitish-gray dots with a red rim, disappearing within 12-18 hours.
• Rash period. In parallel with the rise in temperature to 40 degrees, maculopapular spots appear behind the ears and along the hairline. Within a day, the rash covers the face and goes down to the upper chest. After 2-3 days it reaches the feet, and the face turns pale. This staged pattern of rashes (day 1 – face, day 2 – torso, day 3 – limbs) is characteristic of measles. All this is accompanied by mild itching, sometimes small bruises appear at the site of the rash. After the spots disappear, peeling and a brownish mark may remain, which disappears within 7-10 days.

Complications (usually occur in unvaccinated children):

• otitis media
• pneumonia
• encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

The diagnosis is usually made by characteristic symptoms, and sometimes blood is taken to determine immunoglobulins. Treatment directly against the virus has not been developed, so you just need to alleviate the child’s condition with antipyretics. There is evidence that taking vitamin A by children with measles significantly mitigates the course of the infection. Vaccination of children can reduce the incidence of the disease and the risk of severe complications. It must be remembered that 6-10 days after the vaccine is administered, milder signs of the disease may appear (low fever, a small rash on the child’s body), which pass quickly and do not pose a health hazard.

Rubella

An acute viral infection that affects mainly 5-15 years of age. Rubella symptoms:

• The latent period is from 2 to 3 weeks. At this stage there are no symptoms, but the child may already be contagious.
• Prodromal period. There is a slight malaise, a slight rise in temperature, very often this stage goes unnoticed. The occipital and posterior cervical lymph nodes are noticeably enlarged.
• Rash period. A pale pink rash appears on the face, quickly spreads downwards and disappears just as quickly, usually after 3 days. May be accompanied by mild itching. Peeling usually does not remain.

Rubella often occurs without a rash at all, so it is difficult to distinguish it from other infections. The virus is dangerous mainly for expectant mothers. When infected before the 11th week of pregnancy, most children have congenital malformations. After 16 weeks, the risk of abnormalities is low, but there is a possibility of congenital rubella with damage to the brain, skin, eyes, and hearing loss - hearing loss. Therefore, when planning pregnancy, all women need to find out the level of antibodies to rubella in order to vaccinate if they are absent.

Scarlet fever

Scarlet fever is a disease caused by group A streptococci. This means that the source of infection is not only patients or carriers of scarlet fever, but also people with any pathology caused by these bacteria (sore throat, for example). Scarlet fever is transmitted by airborne droplets. Symptoms:

• The latent period is 2-7 days.
• The prodromal period begins with a rise in temperature, acute sore throat, and malaise.
• On the 1st or 2nd day of illness, a rash appears that does not affect the nasolabial triangle. The appearance of a child with scarlet fever is characteristic: shiny eyes, glowing cheeks, pale nasolabial triangle. On the body, the rash is more intense in the folds. After 3-7 days, all rashes disappear, leaving behind peeling. Another feature of the disease is the “crimson” tongue - bright, with pronounced papillae.

Infectious mononucleosis

The Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious mononucleosis in children, belongs to a large group of herpes viruses. The disease most often affects children and young people, and often occurs without a rash or other characteristic symptoms. The degree of contagiousness of patients with mononucleosis is low, so outbreaks do not occur in children's groups. Symptoms:

• The main symptom of the disease is enlargement of the lymph nodes, especially the posterior cervical ones, while the liver and spleen are enlarged.
• From the 3rd day of illness, tonsillitis with a white coating on the tonsils and a rise in temperature may appear.
• On days 5-6, a rash appears infrequently, varying in shape and size, disappearing without a trace. If a patient with mononucleosis is prescribed ampicillin, the likelihood of a rash increases.
• A characteristic sign will appear in a blood test: atypical mononuclear cells; in addition, antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus can be detected.

Allergic reaction

With allergic dermatitis, in addition to rashes on the face and torso, the child may have a rash on the legs and arms. The photos clearly demonstrate the manifestation of an allergic reaction. Rashes can be present either on a small area of ​​skin or on a large area. As a rule, accompanying symptoms are peeling and severe itching. The body temperature remains within normal limits, and no intoxication of the body occurs. This reaction is possible to food, household chemicals, and medications.

If a child has allergies, you need to be extremely careful with allergens and exclude them from the diet if possible, as there is a risk of angioedema. Possible respiratory arrest and laryngeal swelling.

Hives - a small rash - can be a reaction to temperature factors, cold, or sun.

Causes of a rash on a child's body

Babies' skin is very delicate and susceptible to any negative effects. The reasons for the appearance of the rash can be different and depend on the age of the child. Let's take a closer look at them.

Normally, a baby’s healthy skin is pale pink in color, without spots or rashes.

At 6 months

In the first months of life (up to 7 months), a perinatal rash may appear on the baby’s skin. It appears during the first weeks of life and does not cause any discomfort to the child.

Baby rash is one of the most common childhood problems.

One of the most common causes of a rash is an infection caused by staphylococcus. Staphylococci are a family of microbes that normally live on the skin of adults and children. Most often, the body copes with the effects of these microbes, but for newborn infants, staphylococcus can pose a real threat. Low immunity of infants and unfavorable factors can cause skin diseases such as staphylococci:

• pyoderma - characterized by purulent inflammations, which can be either single or multiple. May take the form of a purulent ulcer;
• carbuncles - purulent inflammation localized on the scalp;
• boil - an extremely painful boil;
• folliculitis - manifests itself in the form of small red dots on the scalp. Causes itching and irritation.

The skin of a six-month-old baby is very susceptible to the so-called prickly heat, which is one of the varieties of the disease dermatitis. The causes of prickly heat are:

• mechanical damage to delicate skin;
• reaction to chemical elements contained in washing powders, soaps and other household chemicals;
• increased air humidity, at which the baby’s delicate skin begins to swell and sweat causes irritation;
• staphylococcus;
• long-term wearing of diapers;
• synthetic underwear or diapers;
• excess weight;
• clothes that are too warm: some parents prefer to additionally wrap the baby, thereby provoking the appearance of prickly heat;
• lack of the required amount of bathing and other hygiene procedures.

Miliaria
The heat rash may have the following symptoms:

1. Whitish bubbles. The rash goes away without fever and does not bother the child. Typically, this type of rash goes away on its own after some time;
2. Deep rash. It appears as small flesh-colored spots localized at the site of red rashes. It can appear in almost all parts of the body;

Prevention of prickly heat is based on maintaining hygiene and improving the quality of household chemicals used. The child's clothing should be made only from natural fabrics. If everything is in order with bathing and clothing, then prickly heat will go away on its own.

A more dangerous cause of rashes is an allergic reaction.

An allergy is a specific reaction of the body to a specific irritant. Literally any object or smell can be an allergen. Often the body's allergic reaction is genetically determined, but there are exceptions.

Typically, an allergic reaction with skin rashes is more typical as the body’s response to certain medications or biological irritants (the chemical composition of the powder used to wash the baby’s clothes, etc.). If the skin is covered with a small rash, there is swelling and itching, and the baby is restless, then perhaps these manifestations are an allergic reaction.

A red rash on the back, formed by painful blisters, is a reason to urgently consult a doctor.

Varioliform pustulosis is a serious disease that often affects the skin of infants. The causative agent is the herpes virus. Most often, this disease occurs in premature, asthenic children who are bottle-fed. The disease begins with an increase in temperature to 38-39 degrees. Multiple blisters with pits in the middle form on the child’s body. Varioliform pustulosis is often accompanied by secondary infections, such as pneumonia, conjunctivitis and stomatitis.

In addition to diseases, the skin can become inflamed due to insect bites. Itching and inflammation from insect bites go away on their own after a short period of time. If you notice that your child has a rash or any discharge, his temperature is elevated, and he is lethargic or restless, call a doctor.

At 1 year

As the child grows, new causes of skin rashes appear. Active exploration of the world by a child, in addition to pleasant impressions, can lead to problems such as lichen, fungi, rubella, etc.

One of the potentially dangerous diseases for a one-year-old baby, which manifests itself as a rash and spots on the skin, is rubella. This disease is an infectious disease that is spread by airborne droplets.

If you suspect rubella, you should see a doctor.

An infected child becomes covered in a rash, and his temperature rises to 37 degrees. The baby's lymph nodes become inflamed, especially behind the ears. Rubella most often occurs without acute painful conditions. Most often, the disease goes away within 4-6 weeks.

Herpes simplex or herpes zoster. Ringworm is one of the leaders in prevalence among childhood diseases. The cause of the disease is the herpes virus and staphylococci.

The occurrence of herpes simplex can be affected by any external conditions and diseases that reduce the child’s already low immunity: hypothermia or overheating, stress, colds.

Recognizing herpes is quite simple. The main manifestations are as follows:

• a group of whitish blisters appears on the lips, wings of the nose, and genitals in the swollen area;
• the child feels unwell and often experiences chills and weakness.

In addition to blistering, shingles, which is caused by the chickenpox virus, is common. The manifestation of this type of lichen also consists of blisters located on the swollen area. The bubbles are arranged linearly and follow the direction of the nerve trunks.

What not to do if a rash is detected in a child

First of all, it is strictly prohibited in situations where you see rashes on your baby’s body:

• Squeeze out pustules.
• Pop bubbles.
• Treat with brilliant green or other means until examined by a doctor.
• Self-medicate.

If the rash on your child's arms and legs itches, do not let him scratch it.

If a rash is detected, you should limit contact with others, as the disease may be contagious.

As we saw earlier, a rash can be an important symptom or result of a disease. An examination by a doctor is required to make a correct diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment to eliminate possible complications.

Treatment of rashes on the legs of a child

The principle of treating skin diseases, both in a newborn and a one-year-old child, is compliance with the rules of hygiene. It is necessary to exclude the baby from contact with the allergen. Create a comfortable temperature and humidity in the room. Clothing and linen should only be made of cotton fabrics. They need to be washed with a special powder or baby soap.

Use anti-allergenic cosmetics for skin care. Give the baby air baths more often. When mixed or artificial feeding, exclude allergenic foods.

Therapy

Treatment of rashes is, first of all, elimination of the disease that caused them. For infectious diseases, it is recommended to adhere to bed rest, take antipyretics, antihistamines, and treat rashes. If necessary, antibiotics are prescribed (to avoid the development of side effects).

Allergy sufferers should definitely see an allergist. It is necessary to exclude allergens from your diet. You should also follow your doctor’s instructions and take antihistamines or glucocorticosteroids. In case of fungal diseases or scabies, observation by a dermatologist is necessary.

Who to contact

If similar symptoms appear on the abdomen and other areas of the skin, you can first contact your treating pediatrician, who can conduct an examination. It is important for parents to analyze what the baby did before the rash appeared, what he wore, what he ate and what he played with in order to exclude a possible allergen and provide the doctor with detailed information.

The doctor can also prescribe various tests that will help identify the true cause of this disease. In some cases, you may need to consult a pediatric dermatologist, who can prescribe specific treatment if necessary.

Symptoms of rashes

Most often, rashes can be observed in children under one year of age; schoolchildren and adolescents are less likely to suffer from such troubles.

In addition to visually diagnosed specks on the skin, the baby may exhibit accompanying symptoms:

• the upper layer of the epidermis looks dried out and is subject to peeling;
• bubbles form at the site of redness, sometimes they contain liquid that flows out after the bubbles burst;
• some diseases that cause a rash on a child’s back are accompanied by an increase in body temperature;
• in places that come into contact with clothing or other parts of the body, ulcers up to 5 mm in diameter appear;
• the baby behaves sluggishly, feels weak, is capricious;
• in some cases, the rash may be accompanied by a disorder of the digestive system: vomiting, loose stools, and a feeling of nausea;
• Even less often, with rashes in children, an increase in the functioning of the tear duct is observed.

If symptoms appear on the baby’s body, in most cases it is necessary to take antihistamines, which can only be prescribed by the attending physician.

Diseases accompanied by rash

Diseases that are accompanied by a rash:

• Allergic reactions often cause an active rash on the body . Each child has its own allergen, which is extremely difficult to detect. An allergic rash is easily noticeable - small dots, pimples, and blisters form all over the body, which rise above the skin level. Typically the diameter of such elements is approximately 5 millimeters.
• Infection . Appears after contact with a sick person. A striking example of this group of diseases is chickenpox. First, a high temperature develops; after three to four days of illness, characteristic rashes appear on the child’s body.

What is the difference between an infectious rash?

Infection (measles, rubella, chickenpox) is a contagious disease.

It has the main distinguishing qualities from allergic and other diseases:

• Lymph nodes enlarge.
• Peeling of the skin. This quality is characteristic of many infectious diseases.
• Bubbles containing liquid form.
• Subcutaneous hemorrhages are most characteristic of measles.

With such symptoms, it is necessary to obtain qualified assistance from a specialist.

Rash with or without itching

Contrary to popular belief, not all skin rashes are itchy, so this symptom can be very important in diagnosing the disease. What ailments is it typical for? The most common causes of an itchy rash are:

• Contact dermatitis. An allergic reaction of this type can occur due to any irritant, including food and medication. The rash with this disease is bright red, pinpointed. Its location is strictly localized depending on how exactly the contact with the allergen occurred.
• Eczema. The disease is accompanied not only by itching, but also by noticeable peeling of the skin. The rash gradually changes from small red marks to pale, slightly larger vesicles. The spread of rashes begins from the head (forehead and cheeks), later they “move” to the neck, arms (shoulders and wrists) and legs (knees and feet) of the child.
• Viral infections. Smallpox, rubella, measles and scarlet fever in all (with rare exceptions) cases are accompanied by itchy rashes on flaky skin and fever.
• Poison of insects and plants. Small white blisters that appear after mosquito bites, nettle burns and other similar circumstances almost always itch and cause discomfort in the child (we recommend reading: what does a mosquito bite look like on a child’s body?).

READ ALSO: How to smear mosquito bites on a child so that they go away faster?

How to find out the probable cause of the disease by the type and color of the rash?

Parts of the baby's body that experience overheating rub against the diaper and clothes, turn red, and become covered with a rash - prickly heat. Dots, spots and bumps more often appear on the hands as a result of an allergic reaction. The typical location of rashes for eczema and seborrheic dermatitis is the face.

Spots and blisters are formed as a result of viral infection. The pathogen goes through an incubation period in the body, so rashes form and then disappear after a certain period of time, characteristic of the infectious agent. A small rash on a child’s body due to a sore throat, flu, or acute respiratory viral infection is secondary in nature and appears rarely.

A white rash on a child’s body is formed as a result of hormonal changes, hypovitaminosis, and excessive activity of the sebaceous glands. Pimples, “goose bumps” are the result of the accumulation of keratin in the hair follicles on the body. Hyperkeratosis is associated with the characteristics of the skin and metabolic disorders in the body.

Rash in the form of spots

Roseola and small spots throughout the body are formed during scarlet fever. This disease of a bacterial nature occurs against the background of fever and deterioration of the general condition. In recent decades, the number of cases has decreased sharply due to preventive measures.

The formation of small and large spotted rashes is characteristic of allergic dermatitis, eczema, ringworm and other types of lichen, photodermatitis. Children's skin is much more sensitive to high doses of ultraviolet radiation. After excessive exposure to the sun at sea, the baby develops erythema and small blisters appear on unprotected areas of the body.

It is necessary to gradually accustom the child’s body to ultraviolet radiation, sunbathing before and after noon.

Photodermatitis is increased sensitivity to UV radiation. A type of allergy appears several hours after exposure to the sun. Typical locations for the rash are the shoulders, forearms, back of the neck, arms and face.

Allergy

The skin of a child prone to allergies may react to irritants in different ways:

• dermatitis - contact dermatitis manifests itself in the form of itching, burning, due to which the baby scratches the skin until it bleeds; atopic dermatitis is characterized by roughening and formation of crusts in the folds and on the cheeks;
• diathesis - red, scaly rashes, often accompanied by crying, irritability and sleep disturbances;
• eczema - raised lesions on the face and neck, hands and ankles that become crusty, crack and itch.
• urticaria - red or orange convex, swollen spots of varying shapes and severity; whitish liquid may accumulate inside large ones.

Important: if you notice hives in a child, the lesions increase in size, the lips, eyelids and fingers swell, and angioedema, which is dangerous to health, may develop. If such changes are detected, you should immediately call an ambulance. If a child is allergic, parents should always have effective antihistamines with them.

Photo: what does a hives rash look like?

Therapy for allergies should be comprehensive - the doctor prescribes medications that will quickly relieve local symptoms, support the immune system and protect against unpleasant complications.

Treatment methods for red rashes

Doctors recommend starting treatment only after diagnosis. If you know you have an allergy, you need to avoid contact with the triggering factor. Additional measures:

• give the child hypoallergenic hygiene products;
• refuse synthetic clothing and bedding;
• nursing mothers need to exclude from the diet foods that may be potential allergens;
• for prickly heat, you need to use baby cream and reconsider the method of dressing your child - avoid wearing too warm clothes during hot periods (body oils should not be used);
• if the doctor has determined the bacterial, viral or infectious nature of the disease, he prescribes special creams and tablets of an antibacterial or antiviral nature;
• if the allergy is very severe, the doctor prescribes antihistamines;
• For scabies and other parasitic diseases, agents that suppress the activity of microbes and symptomatic substances are used.

It is important to convey to the child the need for careful personal hygiene if the rash is caused by poor hygiene. Sometimes it is necessary to consult parents on proper care of the baby (bathing, choosing appropriate products).

The appearance of rashes on the body is a very unfavorable symptom that occurs in a huge variety of diseases. This article will tell you what parents should do if their child has a rash on his stomach.

Infectious rashes in newborns

Any viral infection is dangerous for babies, so if a rash of unknown origin appears, it is better to immediately show the child to a doctor. In addition to rashes, typical symptoms of infection are: lethargy, increased body temperature, runny nose and swelling of the mucous membranes, gastrointestinal disorders. Childhood infections are contagious, which means the baby must be isolated in a hospital.

Chickenpox in infants

Chicken pox is an infectious disease.
Chickenpox is small itchy blisters filled with cloudy fluid, which, after breaking, become covered with a hard crust. First, a blistering rash appears on the scalp, then on the stomach, groin, limbs and even mucous membranes.

The temperature rises quickly and reaches 40C. Until all the bubbles mature and burst, the child is a carrier of the disease. Usually, with proper treatment, young children fully recover within 21 days. Elements of the rash are treated with brilliant green or a weak solution of potassium permanganate.

Fenistil drops help with itching, and a cream with the same name can be applied locally.

It is worth remembering: Adults suffer from chickenpox much more severely.

Scarlet fever

A severely itchy rash localized to the baby's neck and chest. The incubation period is short, less than a day from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first symptoms. Along with the foci of rashes, the tonsils become inflamed. The child is isolated from other people for a period of 10 days, during which time the rash disappears, and only scaly areas remain in its place.

Measles rash

First, the temperature rises, then a cough appears, a runny nose, and the eyes begin to water. After 2-3 days, a rash becomes noticeable. Papules affect the face and then spread throughout the skin of the entire body.

They protrude slightly above the surface of the skin, have a bright red color and a tendency to form conglomerates. The child is contagious for 5 days from the moment the first elements of the rash appear.

Afterwards, the spots disappear, and in their place there remains hyperpigmented and flaky skin.

Rubella

With this disease, the elements of the rash do not rise above the surface of the skin; in appearance they resemble small reddened areas, as with mechanical irritation. The rash does not appear immediately, but only after the first symptoms of inflammation:

• increase t;
• dry cough;
• reddened mucous membrane of the pharynx;
• enlarged occipital lymph nodes;
• attacks of nausea and vomiting;
• loose stool.

The spots first appear on the cheeks and chin, then spread further over the face and body. After 24 hours, their color becomes less intense, but the child is considered contagious for another 5-7 days. Pregnant women are strictly prohibited from contacting children with rubella.

Roseola

In terms of external signs, it is similar to rubella, t rises almost immediately and to a high level, lasts for at least three days, and then gradually decreases, and becomes habitual by the time lesions with a flat rash appear. Exanthemas go away on their own after 5-7 days.

Video of baby roseola symptoms

Skin candidiasis (thrush)

A child can become infected while passing through the mother's genital tract. The cause is a fungal infection. There may be a fungal infection of the eyes and mouth (redness with a white cheesy coating).

The initial localization for skin thrush in newborns is the skin of large inguinal folds. Manifestation: skin itching, hyperemia with small blisters, which can develop into ulcerations with a white coating.

What does it look like

Rubella

The appearance of pathological elements of different shapes, colors, sizes and textures on the skin is called a rash. It is often accompanied by other symptoms that can help determine the disease that caused the rash. Causes of rashes include: dysfunction of internal organs, infections and allergies. The rash is often accompanied by itching and fever. Among the secondary elements that accompany the rash are crusts, peeling, scars, cracks, ulcers and erosions, increased skin pattern, pigmentation disorders, and skin atrophy.

1. Infections

If the cause of the rash is an infection, viral or bacterial, the child has a fever, chills, a sore throat, a runny nose and a cough. Possible diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. The rash appears immediately or within 2-3 days.

In the case of a viral infection, the child’s condition is alleviated by antipyretics and soothing external ointments and creams. For bacterial rashes, antibiotics are prescribed. The main symptoms of infectious diseases accompanied by a rash are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Disease, cause	Incubation (hidden) period	Symptoms, nature of rashes
Erythema infectiosum , caused by parvovirus B19, is transmitted by airborne droplets, and contact transmission is also possible. Most often the disease occurs between the ages of 2 and 12 years.	4-14 days, the patient is contagious until the rash appears.	Low fever, headache and mild cough and runny nose, sometimes arthritis. First, a rash is observed on the cheeks in the form of small, slightly protruding bright red dots, which, increasing in size, merge into shiny symmetrical spots. Then, slightly swollen red patches of rash, sometimes with a bluish tint, spread throughout the body. Then the center of the spots becomes lighter. The rash most often appears on the extensor surfaces. The spots fade away gradually, over 1 - 3 weeks.
Sudden exanthema (roseola) , caused by herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6), most often between the ages of 10 months and 2 years, is usually transmitted from adults by airborne droplets.	5 -15 days.	Malaise, runny nose, redness of the throat, slight swelling of the eyelids, enlarged lymph nodes, cervical and back ears are possible. The temperature rises sharply to 38 - 40.5 degrees, after 3 days the temperature drops, and a small rash appears on the body in the form of pink spots, sometimes slightly rising above the surface (lasting from several hours to three days). Characterized by irritability, lethargy and lack of appetite.
Chickenpox (chickenpox) is caused by the varicella zoster virus, similar in structure to the herpes virus. Transmitted by air or contact, most often before the age of 15 years.	10-21 days, the patient is contagious until 10 days.	Malaise occurs 1 - 2 days before the appearance of the rash, in the form of a headache, sometimes mild abdominal pain, and a gradual increase in temperature to 38 degrees. A rash accompanied by itching appears on the head, face, and torso. Within a few hours, red spots turn into papules, and then into bubbles with clear liquid (vesicles). The next day, the liquid becomes cloudy, a depression appears in the center of the bubble, and the bubble itself becomes crusty. A characteristic feature of chickenpox is the appearance of new elements (rashes), so that at the same time one can observe different stages of development of the rash: spots - compactions (papules) - bubbles (vesicles) - crusts. After the rash disappears, spots may remain and disappear within a week. Scratching the itchy rash can cause infection and leave scars on the skin. In the majority of those who have recovered from the disease, the chickenpox virus goes into a latent form, strengthening in the nerve cells.
Meningococcal infection , caused by meningococcus (bacterium), is transmitted by air, settling in the nasal cavity and becoming more active when the quality of life decreases or viral infections.	2 - 10 days. The period of infection is up to 14 days from the onset of the disease.	The disease is very dangerous - less than a day can pass from the appearance of the rash to death if meningococcus enters the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Once in the blood, meningococcus can cause blood poisoning (sepsis) and/or meningitis. With sepsis, the temperature rises to 41 degrees and vomiting begins. On the first day, patients complain of headache, impaired consciousness, photophobia, and tension in the back of the head. Against the background of pale grayish skin, a rash appears (small bruises that grow and take on a star-shaped shape); it can rise above the level of the skin, often ulcerates and forms scars. With isolated meningitis there is no rash.
Measles is caused by an RNA virus from the Paramyxoviridae family of the Morbilivirus genus.	9 - 21 days. The patient is contagious until the 5th day from the appearance of the rash, i.e., approximately by the 9th day of the disease.	General malaise lasts 3 to 5 days, with fever up to 40 degrees, dry cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, scleritis, blepharitis, lacrimation. On the inner mucous membrane of the cheeks, on the 2nd day, whitish-gray dots with a red rim appear, disappear within 12 - 18 hours (Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots), leaving looseness of the mucous membrane. In parallel with the rise in temperature, bright, dense spots appear behind the ears and along the hairline. The rash is characterized by stages: on the 1st day the rash covers the face, on the 2nd day it covers the torso, on the 3rd day it covers the limbs, and the face turns pale. The rash is accompanied by mild itching, and sometimes small bruises appear. After the spots disappear, peeling and brownish marks may be observed for 7 to 10 days.
Scarlet fever is caused by group A streptococci. It is transmitted by airborne droplets and contact not only from patients with scarlet fever, but also from patients with any disease caused by these bacteria (for example, sore throat).	2 - 7 days The patient is contagious until the 10th day of illness.	The malaise begins with a rise in temperature and acute sore throat. The pharynx is bright red, the tonsils are enlarged more than with ordinary sore throat. On the 1st - 2nd day of illness, a bright red, pinpoint rash appears, not affecting the nasolabial triangle, while the patient’s cheeks burn and the eyes shine. The rash is more intense in the folds of the body. especially in the armpits, elbow fossae, and groin. May be accompanied by itching. The skin is red and hot, slightly swollen. After 3-7 days, the rash disappears, leaving behind severe peeling (ends after 2-3 weeks).
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (from a large group of herpes viruses), most often in children and young people, with close contact. It often goes away without a rash or other characteristic symptoms. The degree of infectiousness of patients is low.	The disease occurs with high fever and enlargement of the lymph nodes, especially the posterior cervical, liver and spleen. From the 3rd day of illness, a rise in temperature, inflammation of the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils with a white coating are possible. On days 5–6, a transient rash may occur, especially if the patient has been prescribed ampicillin.
Rubella is caused by a virus from the togavirus group (family Togaviridae, genus Rubivirus), most often in children aged 5 to 15 years. Transmitted by contact and airborne droplets.	11 - 21 days. The patient is contagious until the 5th day of illness.	Mild illness with low fever is often not noticed. The occipital and posterior cervical lymph nodes are greatly enlarged. After 1 - 2 days, pale pink small spots (disappear when pressing on the skin or stretching it) appear on the face, quickly spread to the legs within a day and usually disappear after 3 days, leaving no traces. The rash may be accompanied by mild itching and is located on normal, non-hyperemic skin. A common manifestation of rubella is a moderately severe dry cough, sore and dry throat, and headache. Small red elements (Forchheimer spots) are sometimes visible on the soft palate. Often the disease occurs without a rash at all. Rubella is dangerous for expectant mothers, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, as it causes congenital malformations of the fetus.

2. Allergies

An allergic rash can be caused by food (chocolate, milk, eggs, citrus fruits, etc.), household chemicals, medications, animal fur, even after touching nettles or jellyfish, or after a mosquito bite. The rashes all over the body are clearly visible and prominent. Accompanied by a runny nose, lacrimation and severe itching. You should avoid contact with the source of its occurrence, and take antihistamines and other medications prescribed by your doctor. Allergic rashes differ from infectious rashes in their rapid manifestation and good general well-being of the child.

Quincke's edema . It can occur as a severe reaction of the body to an allergen, most often to medications or foods, but can also to insect bites, contact with jellyfish or nettles. The rash lasts a long time and is accompanied by swelling; if it spreads to the area of ​​the upper respiratory tract and tongue, the risk of blocking the larynx and suffocation increases sharply.

Urticaria . It occurs as a reaction to foods, medications, other allergens and under the influence of temperature factors (cold, sun), in some cases it is a secondary sign of hormonal imbalances and pathologies of the internal organs. Large, spreading pink, very itchy blisters appear on the skin.

Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema, neurodermatitis) . This is an inflammation of the skin caused by the body's immediate (within the first four hours) reaction to the allergen. It is chronic, cannot be cured completely and requires daily attention throughout life. May be accompanied by allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma and eczema itself. The disease appears in the first year as an itchy rash on the face, cheeks, and the inner surfaces of the folds of the arms and legs. During an exacerbation, the rash looks like red blisters-papules with scratches and liquid discharge. Bursted blisters become crusty. Over the years, symptoms mutate, skin rashes change appearance and location. The skin becomes dry and rough, lesions appear in the popliteal and elbow fossae, on the chest, face and neck. The occurrence of eczema is provoked by nervous diseases, pathologies of internal organs, and endocrine system disorders.

3. Rash in newborns

Rashes on the body of newborns are caused by:

• an excessive dose of allergenic products received with mother's milk (toxic erythema of newborns is most often caused by dried apricots and walnuts);
• inappropriate care (diaper rash, diaper dermatitis, prickly heat are caused by excessive wrapping, infrequent washing, lack of air baths).

Causes:

• Erythema toxicum looks like small white-yellow lumps surrounded by a red rim. Often only red spots appear.
• Neonatal acne occurs on the face, scalp and neck. A rash in the form of inflamed seals causes activation of the sebaceous glands by maternal hormones. Careful hygiene and moisturizing with emollients are required.
• Miliaria is caused by increased skin moisture and disruption of the sweat glands due to excessive wrapping. Small blisters and spots rarely become inflamed, do not bother the patient and disappear quickly with good care.
• Vesiculopustulosis (inflammation of the mouth of the sweat glands caused by pathogenic staphylococcus) is characterized by small pustular blisters of white or yellowish color on the body, neck, legs, arms, and head. In place of the burst bubbles, crusts form. To prevent the infection from spreading throughout the body, it is necessary to thoroughly treat the identified lesions with solutions of potassium permanganate or brilliant green, and alcohol - the skin areas between the pustules. You cannot bathe your baby.

4. Insect bites and skin parasites

Bite marks are formed due to mechanical damage to the skin and toxins and infections that have entered them. The body's reaction to insect bites from a rash of infectious diseases can be distinguished by localization and the absence of other symptoms. Immediately after a bite, the damaged area of ​​the skin turns red, swells, itching, urticaria, anaphylaxis and acute vascular insufficiency in allergy sufferers may occur.

• Bedbug bites appear as linear, itchy lumps and blisters that appear at night. There is a tiny bruise in the center of the rash. Drops of blood may be found on the bed linen.
• Flea bites are similar to bedbug bites, but are located randomly on the skin.
• Bees, bumblebees, wasps and hornets have a sting at the back of their body connected to a sac containing venom. This sting often remains at the site of the bite and must be carefully removed.
• Mosquitoes leave their bites as itchy blisters, which then develop into a reddish lump that lasts from several hours to several days. Sometimes the bite site swells. If you are prone to allergies, urticaria and Quincke's edema are possible.
• Scabies mites make microscopic passages in thin skin (between the fingers, on the wrists, on the stomach, etc.). The rash looks like red dots, often located in pairs, 2-3 mm apart, and is accompanied by severe itching. Scabies is contagious. It is transmitted by contact, including through shared things, and requires treatment by a dermatologist.

5. Hemorrhagic rash

A rash due to diseases of the blood and blood vessels (amyloidosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, Wegener's granulomatosis, vasculitis, hemosiderosis of the skin, etc.) occurs as a result of hemorrhages in the skin and requires examination by a hematologist. Depending on the disease, it may appear in the form of small dots or large bruises of various shapes and shades (from blue to brown and dirty gray). If a hemorrhagic rash is detected, you should urgently call a doctor and limit the patient’s mobility until a diagnosis is made. Among the causes of hemorrhagic rash are anthrax, meningococcemia, pseudotuberculosis, typhoid fever, and intestinal yersiniosis. The rash may be accompanied by itching and soreness of the skin, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes.

Features of an allergy rash

The most difficult ones to identify are rashes caused by an allergic reaction. Depending on the type of irritant (food, contact, medication, household, etc.), marks on the baby’s skin can take on all sorts of forms and change location. How to identify the disease?

Allergies are one of the most common reasons why a 1-year-old or younger child may develop a rash. That is why, when it comes to a newborn, this diagnosis should be suspected first. To confirm or refute their fears about the baby’s possible allergies, his parents will have to answer the following questions:

1. Does your child have other symptoms of intolerance (swelling, difficulty breathing and itchy skin)? The last sign is the most important. Regardless of the type, allergy rashes usually itch.
2. Can the possibility of infection be ruled out? Most of these diseases also have other characteristic symptoms (fever, loss of appetite, fatigue, apathy). If a child does not have any of the listed signs of infection, the likelihood that he is faced with an allergy increases.
3. What risk factors has your baby encountered recently? Have new foods been introduced into his diet? Were any unusual medications prescribed? Has the usual environment changed? Could a new, previously unknown stimulus appear in the child’s life?

It will make it easier to diagnose the problem and know exactly what forms the disease can take in a child. As a rule, childhood allergies occur in one of 2 scenarios:

• Urticaria (we recommend reading: symptoms, treatment and photos of urticaria in children). The rash takes the form of blisters, the color of which can vary from pale pink to bright red. The visual effect is similar to what happens after a nettle burn, hence the name of the disease. Among the characteristic symptoms of the disease are swelling and severe itching of the skin. The rash with hives goes away suddenly, just as it appears.
• Atopic dermatitis (we recommend reading: atopic dermatitis in the initial stage in children: photo). Alternative names: childhood eczema, diathesis, neurodermatitis. With this type of allergy, the rash on the child’s body is clearly localized. Most often, marks appear on the elbows, neck and head (both on the face and under the hair), a little less often - on the legs, under the knees. Side symptoms are redness and peeling of the skin. Sometimes characteristic weeping crusts form on top of the rash.

Causes

The appearance of rashes on the abdomen can occur under a variety of conditions. A rash manifests itself in a sick child in different ways. It is important to note that rashes can appear at any age.

The reasons that lead to the development of specific rashes in newborn babies and older children differ significantly from each other. Quite often, the rashes spread throughout the body.

One of the most common causes of body rashes is allergies. Rashes are caused by exposure to a variety of allergens. In babies of the first year of life, a rash is often provoked by the introduction of the first complementary foods.

The use of incorrectly selected hygiene products used for daily procedures can also cause a severe allergic reaction on the skin. Manifestations of allergic reactions are quite often detected in one-year-old babies.

Wearing clothes made from synthetic materials contributes to the development of contact dermatitis. In this case, rashes appear in those places where there was direct contact with clothing.

In this case, the skin elements look like a small red rash. These rashes tend to coalesce, forming rather large areas of irregularly shaped lesions.

A common cause of rashes on the stomach and chest in babies are various childhood infectious diseases. Measles, rubella, and chickenpox are quite severe in children and are accompanied by the appearance of characteristic symptoms.

Within a few days, skin rashes rapidly spread throughout the body of the sick child. Each of these pathologies has its own incubation period, the duration of which can be from several days to a couple of weeks.

One of the most interesting forms of the disease is the appearance of a rash on the torso after a high fever. After previous viral or bacterial infections, the child develops red rose-colored rashes on the skin. They are usually located on the stomach and back. The diameter of such skin rashes usually does not exceed 4-5 mm.

These skin elements usually go away on their own within a couple of days after the body temperature normalizes.

A fairly common pathology that leads to the appearance of rashes on the skin of the abdomen is scabies. This disease is caused by scabies mites. In this case, specific skin elements are formed at the entry and exit points of the parasites, which are manifested by the appearance of a rash.

Children attending educational institutions can become infected with scabies quite easily. The disease spreads through household contact .

The appearance of skin rashes on the abdomen can also be a manifestation of serious diseases of the internal organs. Systemic blood tumors often manifest as multiple rashes. Usually these symptoms are extremely unfavorable. Such skin rashes appear due to damage to capillaries - the smallest blood vessels.

Babies in the first year of life often develop skin rashes in the abdomen and neck. Impaired thermoregulation leads to the development of these unfavorable symptoms This condition is called miliaria and develops quite often in children.

Excessive wrapping of a child in the first months of life provokes overheating of the skin and promotes increased sweating, which leads to the development of various rashes on the baby’s skin.

Various fungal diseases also influence the development of the disease in the baby . One of these pathologies is lichen. This pathological condition is accompanied by the appearance of bright red elements that cause severe itching in the child. Quite often, such rashes appear in children in the groin area and on the stomach.

Reaction to a bite

An insect bite - a wasp, bee, midge, mosquito - is often painful, and after mechanical damage, the skin in the affected area may become red, swollen and painful. This is how reactions to a bite, for example, of a mosquito, manifest themselves. Cold compresses or antihistamine lotions, for example, Fenistil children's gel, help cope with these symptoms. After a midge bite, the skin becomes covered with a scattered rash. The most dangerous bites are from bees, wasps, hornets and other lancet-bellied insects. The bite is very painful, and the insect's venom can cause severe reactions, including swelling of the respiratory tract. If a child is bitten by a bee or wasp, you need to carefully monitor the baby's condition for several hours. If your baby becomes lethargic, his face swells, and his arms become weak, immediate medical attention is needed.

Allergic rash in children photo

An allergic rash in children (pictured) can appear for various reasons: as a reaction to a new product in the child’s diet, or if the child has eaten too much of a product; for flowering of plants and shrubs; for various fragrances or aerosols for the home.

The main difference between an allergic rash and rashes associated with other diseases is the general condition of the child’s body : fever appears extremely rarely, the child is mobile, and appetite does not disappear. In general, the baby feels and behaves as usual.

If an allergic rash appears, you should consult a specialist. And parents also need to remember that something new has been introduced into the child’s life: a new product, some kind of medicine or vitamins, and perhaps they went somewhere on vacation, changed their place of stay. Present all the information to the doctor, and then simply act based on the recommendations for the child. , antihistamines are most often . All possible causes of this allergy must be excluded from the child’s life.

Which doctor should I contact?

To identify the cause of a small rash on your child's stomach that looks like goosebumps, pimples or large spots, you need to contact your pediatrician. In some cases, one visit is enough. If the doctor makes only a preliminary diagnosis, he refers the patient for examination to a pediatric dermatologist. Laboratory tests will also be required.

If the disease is acute, parents are not recommended to take their child to kindergarten or school - he should stay at home until a diagnosis is made and symptoms are alleviated. The dermatologist prescribes specific treatment. If it does not help, additional examination is required. Sometimes an allergen test is not performed during the initial diagnosis. It is done if there is no improvement during treatment.

Infectious and non-infectious rash

It is very important to be able to determine allergies by reactions of the epidermis. For this, knowledge of how, in principle, to distinguish between a rash of infectious and non-infectious origin is also useful.

The nature of the disease accompanied by skin reactions can be determined by several side signs. For viral, bacterial and fungal infections this is:

• the patient has symptoms of intoxication;
• cyclical course of the disease;
• evidence that the case is not isolated (someone around the patient suffers from similar symptoms).

It is important to take into account the specific signs of each of these diseases. The table below lists, with appropriate explanations, the most common bacterial and viral infections that cause rash in children:

READ ALSO: viral rash in children: causes, photos and treatment

Disease	Exciter type	Nature of the rash	Other symptoms
Meningococcal infection (we recommend reading: meningococcal infection in children: prevention, photos, symptoms and treatment)	Bacterium	Purple and red spots, localized mainly in the lower torso and legs	Fever, nausea and vomiting, severe excitability or, on the contrary, apathy
Scarlet fever		Rash in the form of small dots that appears on the upper torso (chest and shoulders) and spreads throughout the body, scalp under the hair and face, with the exception of the nasolabial triangle	Fever, enlarged tonsils, severe sore throat
Rubella	Virus	Pink round spots with a diameter of up to 5 mm, localized mainly on the arms, legs and torso (shoulders, sternum)	Fever, enlarged lymph nodes
Measles (we recommend reading: measles in children: symptoms, treatment and photos of the rash)		Bright pink large spots that tend to merge	Fever, loss of appetite, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis
Roseola infantile		Small, pinpoint pink rashes that form on the back and gradually spread to the chest, abdomen, shoulders and arms	The temperature rises sharply to 39-40 degrees, gradually returning to normal
Chicken pox		Pimples gradually changing appearance: from vesicular vesicles to blisters, breaking through over time and transforming into dry marks	Fever

READ ALSO: symptoms of chickenpox in children and treatment with photos

As for the causes of a non-infectious nature, the appearance of papular and other types of skin rashes is usually provoked by mechanical damage to the epidermis, for example, burns, insect bites and allergies themselves. Less often, a symptom is one of the side, uncharacteristic manifestations of any disease. For example, with arthritis or rheumatism, a pinpoint rash may form on areas of the body with problem joints. If the child is covered with purpura, he probably suffers from problems with the circulatory system (hemorrhagic vasculitis, hemophilia), etc.

In children of about a month of age who are not able to move independently, redness of the skin, accompanied by the formation of a vesicular or papular rash, indicates diaper dermatitis. This disease is not dangerous and is quite common. In the first years of life, approximately 60% of babies suffer from it. It is easy to treat diaper dermatitis: it is enough to bathe your child regularly and change his soiled diapers on time so that the rash goes away on its own.

Description of the main elements of the rash

The main elements of the rash:

• Tubercles are cavityless formations protruding above the general level of the skin, 1-5 millimeters in size (sometimes reaching up to 10 millimeters). The tubercles are capable of forming ulcers or healing by replacing the infiltrate with the formation of an element of cicatricial atrophy of the skin in place.
• Blisters are formations with a strong inflammatory process. The size of the blister reaches 10 centimeters. The skin inflammation is pale pink at the base and bright red in the middle of the element.

• 
  Bubbles

  – small in size, liquid-filled cavity elements. Their diameter is about 10 millimeters. They can occur due to burns, bites, various skin diseases, and allergic reactions. Vesicles (bubbles) arise as a result of the manifestation of diseases such as herpes infection, allergic dermatitis, autoimmune bullous diseases.
• Spots are flat rashes on the human body. Their standard diameter is about 10 millimeters. The spots come in different sizes, forming over a period of time inflamed areas of skin that are larger in diameter.
• Papules (also called a node) are formations of varying consistency that protrude above the main level of the skin. They are divided into two types: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Dimensions reach 5 millimeters. The shape is different.
• Vesicles are small cavity formations of hemispherical shape. The internal contents include a clear or translucent liquid. Differs from a bubble in its smaller size.
• Pustules are pustules. The pustule contains gray or white pus inside. When infected, the pus becomes greenish in color.
• Roseola are small spots that do not rise above the skin level. Groups of spots usually form.
• Hemorrhage is bleeding into the skin due to the destruction of blood vessels. On the skin it looks like small spots or dots of different shapes. It has a red and then yellow color (during healing).

Rash without fever or itching

When a child of any age develops a rash for the first time, you should definitely see a doctor, even if the pimples do not cause discomfort. In newborns from 0 to 12 months, the disease progresses very quickly, and self-medication can easily cause harm. The pediatrician will rule out infection, give recommendations for care, and draw up a treatment regimen.

Newborn acne

This rash is popularly called bloom, and in medicine - neonatal cephalic pustulosis.
Infant acne occurs 2–4 weeks after birth and persists for 1 month. Although acne appears to be a symptom of a serious illness, it is not contagious. Characteristics:

• Where it occurs : cheeks, nose, forehead. Less commonly, the chin, chest, back and scalp are affected.
• How it appears : white or red pimples surrounded by bright red skin. After the rash, peeling appears.
• Reasons : at the end of pregnancy, the mother transfers her hormones to the fetus. They stimulate the sebaceous glands. The likelihood of flowering increases when pregnant women and newborns take medications.
• Treatment : not required. Do not touch the baby’s face unnecessarily; wash it with plain clean water. You cannot use special creams, scrubs and lotions to get rid of acne.

Prickly heat

Rashes often occur in newborns and babies in the first year of life. The disease is not contagious, but without treatment, itching or pimples persist for a long time. Most often, prickly heat occurs in the summer, when the body overheats. It is possible in the off-season, when parents wrap up an active baby too much.

Characteristics:

• Where it occurs : head, back, neck, shoulders, sometimes chest.
• How it manifests itself : pink nodules up to 1 mm in size with a smooth surface, mild itching.
• Reasons : when overheated, the child’s sweat glands become clogged, and the fluid remains under the skin.
• Treatment : dress your baby according to the weather. Only natural fabrics should come into contact with his body. If the temperature at home is 24 °C or higher, let the child sleep in only panties. When the temperature is above 28 °C, turn on the fan, air conditioner, open doors and windows to allow air to circulate. When bathing, use a fragrance-free cleanser for sensitive skin. Miliaria goes away in 3–4 days.

Diaper dermatitis

Newborns who are prone to diarrhea are more likely to suffer from skin irritations. Diaper dermatitis often occurs in babies who sleep in a diaper all night. Even the best diaper becomes wet in the morning. In a humid environment, bacteria and fungi quickly develop, which aggravate the condition of the skin and cause diaper rash.

Characteristics:

• Where it occurs : butt, genitals, inguinal folds.
• How it manifests itself : large red spots on the child’s body, on which bumps form. The skin is swollen, hot and rough.
• Causes : prolonged contact with urine and feces. Bacteria, ammonia and acids strongly irritate the skin. With high sensitivity, 5 minutes is enough for diaper rash to occur. Dermatitis also causes the diaper to rub against the body if you are allergic to the fragrances in it.
• Treatment : Change the diaper every time your newborn pees or poops. Wash your baby with warm running water, use soap only in the evening. Pat irritated areas dry with a soft towel. Lubricate the skin with zinc ointment or creams Desitin, Aquaphor. Give your baby air baths for 20–30 minutes. Change your diapers to better ones. If there is no improvement after 2-3 days, go to the doctor.

Milia

This rash is called pearly and occurs in 40–50% of newborns. Milia form 1–2 days after birth. If the baby is premature, pimples may form within a few weeks. Pearl rash is not dangerous. It goes away on its own in 2–3 weeks.

Characteristics:

• Where it occurs : nose, chin, cheeks.
• How it appears : tiny white or yellow rashes that look like bumps.
• Reasons : dead skin cells do not fall off, but end up in “traps” located on the epithelium. When the surface of the milia wears down, they flake off and the bump disappears.
• Treatment : not required. Wash your child's face with clean water. Do not use creams or ointments. It is forbidden to squeeze out milia - this will cause scarring.

Erythema of the newborn

This rash is observed in 50% of babies 2–5 days after birth. It disappears on its own after 2 weeks, but can persist for 1–4 months. Erythema toxicum of newborns is not contagious and does not affect the general condition of the child. If the rash is profuse, the skin may itch, causing the baby to become restless.

Characteristics:

• Where it forms : any place on the body except the palms and soles.
• How it appears : small yellow or white papules measuring 0.1–2 cm, surrounded by red skin. The spots may merge, causing slight swelling.
• Reasons : unknown.
• Treatment : not required.

Goose pimples

For a number of reasons, the cells around the hair follicles die too quickly, do not have time to exfoliate and clog the hair outlet. The disease is often accompanied by atopic dermatitis. Goose bumps (pilar keratosis) can occur at any age and disappear after puberty.

Characteristics:

• Where it occurs : throughout the body.
• How it appears : small dense tubercles of white, white-gray, sometimes pink. In the middle of the growth, the tip of the hair is often visible, the skin is very dry.
• Reasons : genetic predisposition, lack of vitamins A, E, C, reaction to synthetic clothing, use of solid soap when bathing, chronic gastrointestinal diseases, stress, cold season, dry indoor air and unbalanced diet.
• Treatment : a dermatologist, based on tests, determines the cause of the disease and draws up a treatment regimen. In addition, you need to balance your diet, drink enough water, and create optimal microclimate conditions at home.

What to do

If rashes appear on the skin, you need to analyze

• where and for how long the child was;
• what he ate, what he did;
• with whom or what was in contact.

The child must be shown to a doctor; the doctor is called to the house as usual. Before visiting the doctor you should:

1. Isolate the baby from other children (to prevent the spread of possible infection), and, if possible, limit his mobility.
2. Do not scratch itchy areas so as not to expand the affected area (for example, with scabies).
3. The rash should not be treated with any means so as not to distort the clinical picture for making a diagnosis.

IMPORTANT! Emergency care is called if a meningococcal infection is suspected. And also if the rash is accompanied by a temperature above 40 degrees, confusion, vomiting, headache, swelling and difficulty breathing, or has the appearance of star-shaped hemorrhages throughout the body and causes unbearable itching.