Scarlet fever rash in children photo, treatment and prevention

Childhood infections are diseases that most people contract while still children. Manifestations of many so-called childhood infections were described back in the 17th-19th centuries. Scarlet fever in children is a striking disease that has been familiar to people since ancient times. Then, due to the unusual appearance of the patient, it was nicknamed purple fever.

The name "scarlet fever" (a word of Italian origin that translates as bright red) was given to the disease only at the beginning of the 19th century.

Causes of scarlet fever. How can you catch an infection?

Scarlet fever is an infectious, predominantly childhood disease, which occurs with signs of intoxication of the body, sore throat and characteristic skin rashes.

The cause of scarlet fever is a bacterium. The causative agent of the disease is group A hemolytic streptococcus, a distinctive feature of which is the ability to produce a toxin. The highest incidence of scarlet fever is recorded in countries with cold and temperate climates. Where it is hot, it is rare. Cases of the disease increase during the colder months of the year (autumn, winter).

Most often, scarlet fever affects children aged 2 to 11 years. Infants rarely get scarlet fever. This can be explained by the presence of immunity, which the mother passes on to the child during pregnancy.

Scarlet fever is a contagious disease. You can become infected from a child suffering from scarlet fever or any other streptococcal infection, and even from a carrier of streptococcus who has no signs of illness.

A child with scarlet fever can infect a healthy one within the first 10 days from the onset of the disease. The infection is easily transmitted through the air, penetrating into the child’s body mainly through the mucous membranes of the tonsils and pharynx, and through household items - toys, dishes. Rarely, but there are other ways of infection - wounds and burns.

The spread of scarlet fever is facilitated by the accumulation of a large number of children in one room, so organized children attending kindergartens, schools, and clubs are at risk.

Development mechanism

When streptococcus enters the body, it causes an inflammatory reaction at the site of entry. Usually this is the mucous membrane of the oropharynx, but sometimes there is also damaged skin. Purulent-necrotic tonsillitis occurs - inflammation of the tonsils, in the lacunae of which purulent deposits form. The pathogen then penetrates the nearest lymph nodes.

Streptococcus produces a toxin (poison) that, penetrating the blood, quickly spreads throughout the body and affects the child’s heart, nervous and endocrine systems. The absorption of the toxin into the blood is accompanied by intoxication, and rashes typical of scarlet fever appear.

Children who have had scarlet fever have persistent lifelong immunity (protection, immunity), so they can only get scarlet fever once. However, the child may get another infection caused by streptococci.

How does scarlet fever manifest? Vivid signs of the disease

The incubation period (hidden when the child is already sick, but there are no manifestations of the disease yet) period of scarlet fever can last from 2 to 7 days.

3 main signs of scarlet fever:

• rash;
• angina;
• general intoxication.

Scarlet fever begins abruptly with a rise in temperature and sore throat. Children often complain of headaches and refuse to eat because it hurts to swallow. Within a few hours of the onset of the disease, a rash appears on the skin of the face, torso, arms and legs.

Features of the rash with scarlet fever include several nuances.

1. The rash is pinpoint, pink on a hyperemic (bright pink) background.
2. Appears from the first day of illness.
3. On the skin of the face, the rash is concentrated on the cheeks and is absent in the area of ​​the nasolabial triangle.
4. In the skin folds (axillary, elbow, groin), on the lateral surfaces of the body, and in the lower abdomen, the rash is brighter with dark red stripes.
5. The rash usually lasts from 3 to 7 days.
6. It disappears without leaving any traces on the skin.

When the rash disappears, peeling occurs with the beginning of the second week of illness. The skin of the face, neck and torso peels off with pityriasis scales, and on the hands and feet - with lamellar scales. First, skin cracks appear at the edge of the nail, then peeling spreads from the fingertips over the entire surface of the palms and soles, and the skin begins to peel off in layers. Today, such pronounced peeling is rare.

A child who is sick with scarlet fever has a characteristic appearance: shiny eyes; a slightly swollen face with bright red glowing cheeks and a pale nasolabial triangle that stands out sharply against this background.

One of the constant and main signs of scarlet fever is changes in the mouth and throat. Scarlet fever is characterized by redness of the tonsils, arches and uvula so bright that they are called “flaming tonsillitis” or “fire in the pharynx.”

Scarlet fever can be catarrhal (without pus) and purulent, but most often it is necrotic. Areas of necrosis (destroyed, dead tissue) appear on the tonsils in the form of dirty gray plaques, which disappear gradually over 7-10 days.

Due to the development of sore throat, the surrounding lymph nodes (cervical) become inflamed. They enlarge so that they can be easily felt. Lymph nodes become dense and painful.

The tongue, dry and coated with a gray-brown coating, gradually clears up starting from the 2-3rd day of illness. First from the tip, then on the sides, it acquires a bright red color. At the same time, the papillae of the tongue swell and protrude, so the tongue is very reminiscent of a raspberry. A crimson tongue is considered a characteristic sign of scarlet fever, which occurs between 3 and 5 days of illness. Then the brightness of the tongue fades, but the papillae remain enlarged for another 2-3 weeks.

Intoxication

Manifestations of intoxication (signs of poisoning with streptococcal toxins) depend on how severe scarlet fever is. It is usually accompanied by fever, lethargy, vomiting and headache. The temperature lasts for three days, then decreases.

In the most severe cases, the temperature can rise to 40 degrees Celsius, the child suffers from a severe headache, repeated vomiting, and sometimes there may be agitation and convulsions. Today, children are increasingly suffering from scarlet fever without fever and without showing signs of intoxication.

From the very first days of illness, the child’s heart rate increases (tachycardia) and blood pressure rises. After 4-5 days, bradycardia occurs (decreased heartbeat), and blood pressure decreases. During this period, the boundaries of the heart expand, a systolic murmur is heard, and sinus bradycardia and arrhythmia are often recorded on the ECG. These changes in the heart can last for 2-4 weeks, and then disappear without a trace.

Classification of scarlet fever

It is customary to distinguish between 2 types of scarlet fever: typical and atypical.

The typical type includes scarlet fever, which occurs with intoxication, sore throat and a characteristic rash.

Atypical variants include erased forms, which occur with mild signs of scarlet fever, and the extrapharyngeal form, in which streptococcus enters the body through other routes (bypassing the oropharynx).

Extrapharyngeal scarlet fever is typically characterized by the appearance of brighter, more intense rashes in the place where the pathogen has entered, and the presence of signs of intoxication (fever, vomiting). There is no sore throat, but there may be slight redness of the oropharyngeal mucosa. The lymph nodes at the injection site react less strongly than in the typical form.

Hemorrhagic and hypertoxic scarlet fever are considered the most severe forms of atypical scarlet fever. A child may die before the main signs of scarlet fever appear due to fulminant damage to the nervous, vascular and endocrine systems. Fortunately, doctors today practically do not encounter such forms of scarlet fever.

According to severity, typical forms of scarlet fever are divided into:

• lungs;
• moderate severity;
• heavy.

Mild forms are characterized by the manifestation of all the symptoms inherent in scarlet fever. Today this is 80-90% of all cases of the disease. They are characterized by an acute onset with a rise in temperature to high numbers. At the same time, the patient’s well-being suffers, which is manifested by lethargy, headache, and quite often single vomiting occurs. In mild forms, tonsillitis is always catarrhal, the lymph nodes are slightly enlarged. Rashes typical of scarlet fever. The patient recovers at the end of the first week of illness.

Moderate scarlet fever occurs in 10-20% of cases. The temperature rises to 40 degrees, vomiting is repeated. The child is excited and does not sleep well. Sore throat is purulent-necrotic with greatly enlarged lymph nodes. Intoxication goes away after a week, but the patient’s complete recovery occurs after 2-3 weeks.

Severe forms are divided into toxic, septic and toxicoseptic (mixed).

In the toxic form, high temperature (40 and above), repeated, repeated vomiting, severe headache, the child’s consciousness is clouded, convulsions, febrile delirium and signs of meningitis may appear. Rashes with a bluish tint, often hemorrhagic (capillaries burst), catarrhal tonsillitis or with small areas of necrosis.

The septic form manifests itself in the form of severe sore throat. Deep necrosis occurs on the tonsils, palatine arches and uvula. The lymph nodes are greatly enlarged, dense, and are painful when palpated. Necrosis of the tissues that surround the lymph nodes often occurs.

In recent years, severe forms have hardly been recorded and account for 0.5% of all cases of the disease.

Complications of scarlet fever in children

Young children with weakened immunity after other illnesses are at risk of developing complications. Streptococcus and its toxins can cause complications in many organs.

Complications of scarlet fever are divided into groups.

1. Infectious and allergic complications.
   These include nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), synovitis (inflammation of the lining of the joints) and simple lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes). Complications of this group usually occur 2-3 weeks after the onset of the disease.
2. Purulent complications: otitis (ear inflammation), purulent arthritis (inflammation of the joints) are observed both at the beginning of scarlet fever and at a later date.
   Thanks to modern medicine, which successfully cures scarlet fever, purulent complications rarely occur.

The most serious complication of scarlet fever is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. This is kidney damage, which manifests itself:

• swelling. Edema occurs in most children with glomerulonephritis. Children are characterized by generalized (widespread) edema, which occurs due to damage to the glomeruli of the kidneys and retention of sodium salts in the body;
• decrease in the volume of urine excreted. Along with sodium retention, fluid is also retained in the body, the volume of urination decreases, and the child produces less urine than usual. This phenomenon is temporary. By the 4-7th day, urination is restored and swelling disappears;
• arterial hypertension. Increased pressure is associated with sodium and fluid retention and an increase in circulating blood volume;
• hematuria (the appearance of blood in the urine). This is a mandatory sign of glomerulonephritis. Macro- or microhematuria occurs, which may be the only sign of the disease and can be detected in the urine for many months after the acute period;
• proteinuria (the appearance of protein in the urine). It can be different, from detecting traces of protein to detecting protein in large quantities. Also, leukocytes and casts can be detected in urine tests.

Scarlet fever and features of its manifestation in early childhood

Scarlet fever is extremely rarely observed in children under one year of age and has its own characteristics when developing in infants. Infants have immunity that they received from their mother during pregnancy, so scarlet fever in them occurs as an erased infection.

All manifestations of scarlet fever are mild. The temperature is low, the rashes are barely noticeable and disappear quickly, there is either no peeling or it is insignificant. Therefore, it is difficult to make a diagnosis.

Children whose mothers have not had scarlet fever and have not been vaccinated do not have immunity, they can get sick, and the disease can be extremely severe.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of scarlet fever is made taking into account:

• signs characteristic of the disease;
• information about contact with the patient;
• laboratory tests (determination of streptococcus in cultures of mucus taken from the oropharynx and determination of antistreptolysin O - antibodies against the toxin secreted by streptococcus).

Despite the vivid and specific manifestations of the disease, today it is quite difficult to diagnose scarlet fever. Today, in the era of antibiotics, the disease is most often disguised as other infections and occurs in a mild and erased form; such obvious signs of scarlet fever are not observed.

Therefore, it is often replaced with sore throat, allergies, measles and other diseases. To confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to take a swab from the throat, in which hemolytic streptococcus is detected.

Treatment of scarlet fever at home and in hospital

Mild and moderate forms of scarlet fever can be successfully treated at home. Children are usually hospitalized with severe manifestations of scarlet fever and in cases where there are no necessary conditions for isolation and treatment of the patient. Patients are placed in boxes or small wards for 2-4 people, trying to fill them at the same time.

Contact between new admissions and those recovering is prohibited. They are usually discharged from the hospital 7-10 days after the onset of the disease at the discretion of the doctor and depending on the patient’s condition.

The basic principles of treatment take into account a number of important nuances.

• The patient must be isolated so that the disease does not spread further.
  If you are treating a child at home, create all conditions so as not to infect healthy children. This can be achieved by isolating the sick child in a separate room and observing hygiene measures (disinfection, use of individual utensils and household items).

  In the room where the patient is isolated, it is necessary to do wet cleaning daily, using disinfectants. If there are other children in your home besides the patient, they should not have contact. It is better to send a healthy child to his grandmother or other relatives for a while.

• During the entire acute period (fever and intoxication), be sure to maintain bed rest. It is better if the child remains in bed until the temperature returns to normal and the entire period of the rash ends.
• The patient must eat well. Prepared food must contain a sufficient amount of vitamins according to the needs of the growing body. Food should be crushed and warm, but not hot, especially at the beginning of the illness, when the throat hurts a lot. Don't forget to drink. It is better to drink warm herbal teas, compotes and fruit drinks. This will allow streptococcal toxins to be eliminated from the body more quickly.
• Prescribing antibiotics. Antibiotics play a leading role in the treatment of scarlet fever. If there are no contraindications, drugs of the penicillin group (Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Flemoxin) are prescribed. If the patient cannot tolerate penicillin, other groups of antibiotics are prescribed. At home they are taken orally; in a hospital setting they are given intramuscular or intravenous injections. The course of treatment is 7-10 days.
• Infusion therapy (glucose, saline, rheopolyglucin) is prescribed for severe intoxication for 1-2 days and is carried out only if the child is in a hospital.
• Antiallergic drugs (Suprastin, Tavegil).
• Local treatment of sore throat. Gargling or irrigating the throat with warm solutions of antiseptics (Furacilin, Miramistin) or decoctions of medicinal herbs (chamomile, calendula).
• Physiotherapeutic procedures (UV irradiation, UHF, dry heat) on the tonsil area and lymph nodes are carried out only if they are prescribed by a doctor.

Prevention of scarlet fever in children

There is no vaccine (vaccination) against scarlet fever.

Preventive measures are as follows.

1. Identification and isolation of all patients not only with scarlet fever, but also with other streptococcal infections as early as possible. The patient is isolated for a period of 10 days from the onset of the disease.
2. The child is admitted to the children's group only 22 days after the onset of the illness.
3. If contact of the sick person with healthy children is established, a quarantine period of 7 days is declared in the child care facility.

At the first suspicion of scarlet fever, parents should immediately call a doctor in order to make a correct diagnosis, prescribe adequate treatment and prevent the development of complications and the spread of the disease.

With timely and adequate treatment, scarlet fever is not dangerous and can be easily cured, but if treatment is incorrect and delayed, there is a risk of developing severe complications of the kidneys and heart.

Conclusion

Not so long ago, scarlet fever was a deadly childhood disease. Nowadays, thanks to modern antibiotics, the prognosis of the disease with adequate treatment started on time is favorable. Complications are rare. Erased forms can be dangerous, when it is difficult to make a correct diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment, and untreated scarlet fever almost always causes complications in the kidneys and heart.

Be alert, and if you have the slightest suspicion, be sure to consult your doctor immediately.

What is a rash with scarlet fever in children photo

Scarlet fever in children - what is it?

Scarlet fever in children is an infectious disease characterized by a specific skin rash, pronounced inflammation of the pharynx and severe intoxication. The disease occurs when infected with beta-hemolytic streptococcus types A, B, C. It is the serological phenotype of streptococcus that causes most recurrent cases of scarlet fever.

Endotoxin secreted by a pathogenic microorganism, which destroys red blood cells and affects the permeability of vascular walls, provokes the appearance of skin rashes and signs of intoxication.

Infection occurs through airborne droplets; the source of the disease is a sick child or carrier who releases the infection into the environment when coughing or sneezing.

In children's institutions, infection is possible through toys, dishes, and, less commonly, food. These conditions for the spread of infection determine a strict list of preventive measures, including disinfection.

This disease occurs quite often. Pediatricians and infectious disease specialists encounter sick children aged 1 to 9 years. Scarlet fever is a very serious infectious disease. If left untreated, the outcome can be tragic.

This is a childhood disease. It occurs mainly in preschool children. Younger schoolchildren and teenagers suffer from scarlet fever less often.

If the baby is breastfed, then antitoxic immunity is transmitted to him along with the mother's milk. Infants do not get scarlet fever in such cases

Recently, the age level for morbidity has risen. But in adults over 30 years of age, cases of scarlet fever are not observed.

Source: tvojajbolit.ru, zdravlab.com

The role of streptococcus in the development of scarlet fever in adults

Scarlet fever is a typical infectious disease characterized by general symptoms of intoxication and the presence of a specific skin rash. The cause is the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenus. There are several varieties of this microbe. Group A streptococcus causes not only scarlet fever, but is also the cause of sore throat, rheumatism, inflammation of the kidneys and joints, erysipelas, and pustular skin diseases.

Streptococcus is the cause of many diseases, including sore throats.

The streptococcus bacterium in appearance resembles a chain of spherical structures. A distinctive feature of the causative agent of scarlet fever is the ability to produce a toxic substance that negatively affects blood vessels and red blood cells. The immune system, trying to fight the toxin, sometimes shows aggression against its own organs and tissues. Scarlet fever is often followed by heart, kidney and joint diseases.

The causative agent of scarlet fever is group A streptococcus

Scarlet fever is widespread, but is mainly found in countries with temperate and cold climates. The rise in incidence traditionally occurs in the autumn-winter period. In addition, scientists have noted not only seasonal, but also long-term fluctuations. The last episode of decline in incidence occurred at the beginning of the 2000s, after which another gradual rise was again recorded.

The term scarlet fever comes from the English phrase scarlet fever, which means “purple fever.” This is what this disease was called in the seventeenth century. This term reflects two characteristic features of the disease - fever and a specific skin rash.

Scarlet fever - video

Ways of transmission of scarlet fever

Beta-hemolytic streptococcus is very stable in the external environment. It can persist for a long time in the patient’s secretions - saliva, mucus, pus. You can become infected in different ways: airborne; contact-household - through household items, toys, door handles; food - through products susceptible to streptococcus.

Scarlet fever is a so-called “ward” isolated infection. The transmission of the pathogen, unlike measles, influenza, and ARVI, does not occur from room to room.

Streptococcus, which causes scarlet fever, is not only a dangerous pathogen; it persists for a long time in a frozen and dried state. Once on the mucous membranes of the tonsils, it multiplies there, progresses and produces toxins.

This causes a certain symptom complex in the form of fever, sore throat (catarrhal, follicular, lacunar), lymphodermatitis and pinpoint rash. Erythrogenic toxin enters the bloodstream and has a violent effect on: the central nervous system; cardiovascular system; endocrine system. The action of the toxin leads to a detailed clinical picture.

The disease is accompanied by fever, intoxication syndrome, skin rashes, sore throat and lymphodermatitis.

Every adult has heard about the childhood disease scarlet fever. But in practice, only a few can recognize the symptoms of this infection. It is often mistaken for a sore throat and treated incorrectly.

This leads to severe complications of the heart, kidneys and joints. Parents must know what scarlet fever is and how it manifests itself in children. This will help them, if symptoms of an infectious disease are detected in a child, to immediately identify them and take the necessary measures.

Foci of scarlet fever often occur in children's institutions in the autumn-winter period. The most important thing for streptococcal infection is to make a correct diagnosis and start treatment in a timely manner. And for this you need to know all the symptoms of the disease.

The process of infection and development of the disease: pathogenic flora, after entering the child’s body, begins active activity on the mucous membranes of the mouth; the first to appear are signs of a sore throat with characteristic rashes in the form of red dots on the throat.

Scientists describe cases of infection through damaged skin; the pathogen provokes the onset of an inflammatory process at the site of penetration; streptococcus enters the bloodstream and penetrates the lymph nodes; Only at this stage does the child feel the characteristic symptoms of scarlet fever.

The reason is that a pathogenic microorganism, in the process of its life activity, produces special toxins and gradually poisons the body; the infection causes pathological changes in the tissues and organs of the baby’s body; Without proper treatment, the disease damages the health of the baby.

Thanks to numerous studies, scientists have proven that adults and children can be carriers of streptococcus.

Carriers of streptococcus do not feel any symptoms, but they infect others. The pathogenic microorganism is actively released from the nasopharynx and throat mucus.

Thanks to numerous studies, scientists have proven that adults and children can be carriers of streptococcus. Carriers of streptococcus do not feel any symptoms, but they infect others. The pathogenic microorganism is actively released from the nasopharynx and throat mucus.

Source: razvitie-malysha.com, tvojajbolit.ru

Symptoms of measles in adults

When measles occurs in adults, the main symptoms remain the same as in children, but the severity of the disease in an adult will be more pronounced. This is especially noticeable during the period of rashes, during bacteremia, when the virus multiplies intensively in the blood.

The main symptoms of measles in adults are:

• increase in temperature (fever) up to 38 - 40 ° C;
• headaches, weakness;
• decreased appetite;
• conjunctivitis, rhinitis, photophobia;
• dry, hacking cough;
• hoarseness of voice;
• measles enanthema - large red spots on the soft and hard palate;
• rash on the skin (on the face, torso, arms, legs);
• possible delirium, impaired consciousness;
• intestinal dysfunction, etc.

The incubation period for measles infection lasts 1-3 weeks in adults. In the typical course of the disease, three successive stages can be distinguished: catarrhal, rash and convalescence stages.

1. Catarrhal period (initial). Measles is commonly associated with characteristic skin rashes. But the first symptoms of the disease that appear after the incubation period expires are simple manifestations of a cold: a significant increase in temperature, cough, runny nose, asthenic syndrome. At this moment, you may suspect that you have an acute respiratory infection or acute respiratory viral infection, but characteristic signs in the form of skin rashes will allow you to make a correct diagnosis.
2. Stage of formation of rashes. On the fifth day, rashes appear on a person’s skin. They spread from top to bottom - first the rash appears on the face, behind the ears, on the scalp, then spreads to the torso and arms, and then spreads to the legs. Measles manifests itself as a typical profuse bright red rash in the form of spots that tend to merge. The rash lasts on the skin for 1 - 1.5 weeks and is maculopapular in nature. The pigmentation that appears at the site of the rash also has a descending nature, that is, it appears in the direction from the head to the feet.
3. Convalescence stage. Starting from the fifth day after the appearance of the red rash, the disease regresses and the person begins to recover. The temperature gradually decreases to normal levels, and the rash peels off. It is worth remembering that skin manifestations may disappear slowly over two weeks, while during this period of the disease the person is no longer contagious.

In adults, measles is especially severe. Pneumonia and bacterial complications are often associated with the underlying disease. Sometimes the disease can result in blindness and significant hearing loss.

One of the most dangerous complications of measles is viral meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the meninges), leading to death in 40% of cases. The measles virus greatly suppresses the immune system of an adult, as a result of which chronic diseases worsen and new ones are acquired.

The nature of the rash with scarlet fever

All these symptoms are very similar to a sore throat. But in contrast, by the end of the first day of illness, a profuse purple rash appears on the neck and upper body, which quickly (within 2 hours) spreads throughout the body.

It is best expressed on the lower part of the body, the flexor surface of the arms, and in the axillary areas. (see photo below). Here, in the natural folds of the skin, the rash is especially intense. Often the rashes are localized on the inner thighs and sides of the chest.

Some affected children may have a miliary rash. It consists of small, within 1 mm in diameter, bubbles filled with a turbid liquid

If you press on them or stretch the skin over it with your fingers, they quickly disappear. Then they appear again when released. The rash tends to appear as dark red stripes on the body. On the stomach it is barely noticeable and has a pale pink color.

On the elbow and inguinal folds, in the perineal area, in both boys and girls, the rash is pronounced. The baby's skin is dry, somewhat reminiscent of sandpaper. If you run your palm over your chest, you can feel goosebumps, as if the child is frozen.

This is nothing more than a papular rash, very characteristic of scarlet fever. Changes in the skin on the face are peculiar: the rash is located on the temples, forehead and cheeks.

The areas of the nose, upper lip and chin remain pale, without rashes. This creates a sharp contrast with the purple of the cheeks.

The rash lasts for 4 days. It does not disappear without a trace, but leaves behind peeling, the onset of which occurs in the second week of the disease: large-plate and pityriasis-like. After the rash disappears, stripes of pigmentation may remain on the body. This sign is called Pastia's sign. It is very pathognomonic for scarlet fever.

Many diseases are similar to scarlet fever and it does not always have a typical clinical picture: it can occur without fever; not accompanied by the appearance of a rash

Therefore, it is often confused with other infectious diseases. Parents need to be vigilant and not panic at the first spot that appears on the skin. On the first day of the rash, the child must be shown to a pediatrician, who must be called to the house. This will help more accurately diagnose the disease and correctly prescribe treatment.

Source: tvojajbolit.ru

Diagnosis of the disease

Scarlet fever in adults is usually diagnosed based on pronounced symptoms. A specialist can take a sample from the throat in order to determine which pathogen caused the development of the disease. A blood test is rarely indicated. When a sample is taken, the analysis will be ready at the end of the day.

As the disease progresses, you may need help from a cardiologist. The specialist will prescribe an electrocardiogram and ultrasound examination of the kidneys and heart. If otitis is suspected, the patient is sent to an otolaryngologist.

Causes of the disease

The causative agent of scarlet fever belongs to the group of hemolytic streptococci, a distinctive feature is the A-shaped structure of the DNA molecule, which allows it to quickly spread throughout the body.

More than 50 strains of this pathogen are known, all of them are extremely dangerous both for the cells of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and for the immune system.

This microbial group is capable of causing acute purulent processes in the upper respiratory tract, lymphatic system, paranasal sinuses and middle ear. Therefore, complications often arise in the form of otitis media, retropharyngeal abscess, frontal sinusitis and sinusitis.

Regional lymphadenitis persists for a long time (the submandibular and cervical groups of lymph nodes become inflamed).

The causative agent of scarlet fever adapts well to unfavorable environmental conditions. It can be stored frozen for a long time, does not lose its adaptive properties for a long time when heated, and can retain its virulence when dried.

Disinfectants, boiling and ultraviolet rays are destructive to it. The main danger to the human body is the production of two types of specific toxins by streptococcus.

The first of them has the ability to destroy blood cells, mucous membranes and epithelium

The second toxin is a powerful allergen that can change the immunological status of the patient, causing autoimmune processes that are subsequently difficult to correct.

They actively produce lytic enzymes that are capable of destroying almost all tissues of the human body, including hyaluronic cartilage and muscle fibers. Therefore, complications in the musculoskeletal system and cardiovascular system may occur.

It is also worth understanding how scarlet fever is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person. The main route of infection is airborne and contact. The pathogen is released into the environment with sputum and mucus.

Contagiousness reaches a maximum in the first hours after the appearance of typical symptoms. Foodborne infection is often found in preschool institutions. Household contact is possible if the rules of personal hygiene and isolation of a sick child are not observed.

Children aged 2 to 10 years are most susceptible to infection. In the first 12 months of life, innate immunity to this pathogen is present, so cases of infection are extremely rare.

The incubation period for scarlet fever ranges from 12 hours to 7 days. During this period, streptococcus spreads through the lymphatic and circulatory system, actively reproduces and begins to produce specific toxins.

The main causes of scarlet fever lie in the lack of specific immunity and weakening of the body due to frequent and long-lasting colds. Observance of personal hygiene rules and prevention of the spread of infection in preschool groups also plays a role.

The incubation period of scarlet fever: from 1 to 12 days, more often from 3 to 7. The disease begins acutely. The general condition of the patient deteriorates quite quickly. Along with the chills, the temperature quickly rises, which already in the first hours reaches 39 - 40 ° C; this temperature can last 3 - 5 days.

In mild forms of the disease, vomiting can occur once, in severe forms it can be repeated and persistent. Some children may experience irritation, delirium, anxiety, insomnia, and convulsions. Others experience drowsiness, apathy, lethargy.

Scarlet fever is associated with a sore throat, there is a bright hyperemia, which has a clear border along the edge of the palate. The tonsils are greatly enlarged and loosened. Scarlet fever in children has its own specific symptom: a yellow-white coating forms on the surface of the tonsils and tongue.

This plaque disappears after 5 days from the moment of infection. Along with the plaque, the filiform papillae of the tongue are peeled off, revealing a smooth surface of a bright red color, against which the mushroom-shaped papillae of the tongue are visible. This symptom is called raspberry tongue

The first signs of scarlet fever also include necrosis (death), which can be found on the tonsils in the first 3-4 days of illness

Necrosis spreads to the uvula, palatine arches, pharyngeal wall and soft palate. They penetrate the tonsils quite quickly. The mucous membrane around necrosis takes on a bright red tint.

When the nasopharynx is affected, symptoms of necrotizing nasopharyngitis are observed, that is, nasal breathing is difficult, purulent mucus is released from the nose, cracks and redness form around the nasal openings. Possible inflammation of the paranasal cavities, mastoiditis, otitis media.

Necrotizing tonsillitis is accompanied by pain when swallowing and bad breath. Scarlet fever lymphadenitis is characterized by thickening, enlargement, and soreness of the upper cervical nodes. The possibility of developing purulent lymphadenitis or phlegmon cannot be excluded. The tongue is covered with a dirty white dry coating.

A rash is one of the most typical symptoms that scarlet fever has. It appears literally after a couple of hours, or maybe on the 2nd - 3rd day of illness.

First, the rash covers the neck and upper body, and then very quickly spreads to the entire face, torso and limbs. The nasolabial triangle remains unaffected by rashes. The scarlet fever rash begins with small red spots with a bright color in the center and fading towards the border.

The spots are located very densely, merging with each other and creating a picture of continuous erythema. If you lightly press on the spot, it disappears, but in its place a white spot forms. White dermographism is clearly formed, which is better manifested in milder forms of the disease.

Multiple wounds are possible on the patient's skin - scratching, since the rash is accompanied by itching. The skin is very dry, with a bright red rash - rough

The rash is more pronounced in the joints and folds. With a bright rash, pinpoint hemorrhages are found in the folds. Sometimes small bubbles filled with clear or cloudy liquid may appear.

Scarlet fever goes into the second period starting from the 4-5th day, when the first signs disappear. The temperature gradually returns to normal, and health improves. On the 4-5th day, the tongue acquires a bright red color with a crimson tint and swollen papillae; on the 9-10th day it takes on a completely natural appearance.

Sometimes this sign is weakly expressed or absent altogether. The rash becomes pale and takes on a brownish tint. For several days, pigment stripes are present in the skin joint folds.

After the complete disappearance of the rash, peeling of the skin begins, peeling continues for 2-3 days, starting from the neck, moving to the chest, face, torso. On the face, the peeling is very fine, while the torso is covered with larger scales.

Then the peeling process spreads to the ears, ending with the extremities, where the epidermis falls off in wide layers, especially on the palms and soles.

Children under 2 years of age may not have peeling. There are some features associated with changes in blood composition

Already from the first days of the disease, an increase in the number of leukocytes is observed, neutrophilia is noted (from 60-70 to 90). From the 3rd day the number of eosinophils increases (sometimes up to 15-30%). Eosinophilia peaks at the end of the first week.

But in severe forms of the disease it may be absent altogether. A decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin and an acceleration of erythrocyte sedimentation (20-50 mm/h) are observed.

Scarlet fever in children has three degrees:

• light,
• average,
• heavy.

The main distinguishing features of the mild form are mild intoxication, slightly impaired general condition of the patient, and slight and short-lived fever.

Angina is repressive in nature. With a mild form of the disease, the rash is typical, but scanty, lymphadenitis is moderate. Small changes are observed in the periphery of the blood.

The mild form includes the so-called erased scarlet fever, the symptoms of which are mild and short-lived. However, some of them may not exist.

The average form of scarlet fever is characterized by the following symptoms: intoxication, high temperature (up to 39 ° C), tachycardia, repeated vomiting, sore throat with a white-yellow coating. The rash in the moderate form of the disease is bright and profuse.

A severe form of the disease is diagnosed by a combination of pronounced standard symptoms with symptoms of a toxic and septic nature

Here the temperature increases to 40°C or more, lymphadenitis with periadenitis, sore throat with the spread of necrosis to the soft palate and nasopharynx appear.

The rash is profuse, hemorrhagic. Very often, streptococcus is found in the blood, causing septicopyemic metastases.

In severe forms, hematological changes are clear, pneumonia, myocarditis (damage to the heart muscle), enlargement of the spleen and liver, septic endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), glomerulonephritis (kidney disease) are possible.

The severe form includes hypertoxic scarlet fever, intoxication in which develops very quickly before the appearance of typical signs of the disease.

Source: vashstom.ru, med-pomosh.com

Causes of the disease

The causative agent of scarlet fever belongs to the streptococcal group of microorganisms that enter the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets, and infection usually occurs through close contact with a carrier of the disease. Patients remain contagious for several weeks after symptoms disappear, so it is better to isolate them from the community. Less commonly, the infection can enter the body through shared objects or by eating contaminated food.

In most cases, adults who suffered scarlet fever at a young age have strong immunity, but under the influence of negative factors it can be destroyed, and then re-infection is possible.

What is scarlet fever

Clinical picture of scarlet fever

Scarlet fever symptoms appear quite abruptly and at first they resemble typical signs of respiratory infections. Initial symptoms of scarlet fever:

1. Lethargy, lack of appetite, increased fatigue.
2. The child sleeps more and complains of pain in the bones and muscles.
3. Symptoms of intoxication are added - headache, dyspeptic disorders, nausea.
4. The temperature almost immediately jumps to 38 degrees or higher.
5. Typical symptoms of catarrhal tonsillitis are characteristic - in the photo taken at this time you can see redness of the throat, swelling of the throat and tonsils.
6. Inability to swallow food and saliva normally.

Then there are the specific symptoms of scarlet fever, by which it is already possible to distinguish this disease from other throat diseases. Specific manifestations of the disease include:

• Rash. Rashes appear a few hours after the first symptoms of a respiratory infection appear. Initially, the rash covers the neck and chest, then spreads along the torso and face. In the photo of the child taken at this moment, you can see a clear picture of the scarlet fever rash - a pale nasolabial triangle stands out against the background of bright red cheeks - rashes never appear in this place. Also visible in the photo are bright red lips.
• A large number of rashes are detected in the natural folds and groin, on the sides of the body. The rashes are pinpointed and look like stripes. If you have a history of allergies, the rash can be quite large.
• When the infection is severe, skin symptoms become more pronounced. The rash appears bloody and is located almost throughout the body.
• The appearance of the rash is accompanied by itching, the skin feels flaky to the touch.
• The characteristic symptoms of scarlet fever are the disappearance of rashes after about a week from their appearance. The skin remains without scars and scars. Dead epithelium comes off in flaky crusts.
• Scarlet fever necessarily causes changes in the appearance of the tongue. At the beginning of the disease, the tongue is completely covered with a whitish coating, which gradually disappears, leaving behind a bright red mucous layer. In the photo it looks like a white island bordered with crimson. Gradually, the coating disappears completely and it is clear that the entire tongue acquires a bright, rich red color. The photo also shows bright papillae on the tongue.

The symptoms of scarlet fever that develop in the throat resemble a sore throat in terms of external signs and general manifestations. In this regard, treatment for scarlet fever is most often started incorrectly.

With scarlet fever, most children develop a purulent form of tonsillitis. The photo of the oropharynx shows enlarged tonsils and swelling of the throat.

When pressed, bloody fluid may be released from the tonsils. Lymph nodes under the jaw are enlarged

Scarlet fever also affects the central nervous system; convulsions, delirium and hallucinations often occur against a background of high temperature. Complications usually occur in the 2nd week of illness - the kidneys and hearts are affected. Myocarditis or glomerulonephritis and inflammation of the middle ear often develop.

Treatment of the disease in mild cases is carried out at home; in severe cases, the child must be hospitalized in the infectious diseases department.

It was found that any child becomes a carrier of infection from the first days of infection, and a particularly high degree of transmission of the pathogen is observed during the active phase of the disease.

Also, during three weeks of recovery, streptococcus is released into the surrounding space. In some children who have recovered from the disease, the microorganism may be present for several days after complete recovery.

This usually happens if antibacterial treatment is not completed or if an antibiotic with the least activity is chosen.

Symptoms of scarlet fever in children depend on the phase of the disease. The incubation period is practically uncharacterized. In the initial stage of scarlet fever development, a sore throat, slight malaise, and weakness are noted.

If you take a photo of the throat at this moment, you will notice a slight redness of the mucous tissues. The active stage of the disease begins a few hours later, a maximum of a day or two after the first signs

Scarlet fever in children symptoms are manifested by the appearance of pinpoint rashes not only on the skin, but also on the tonsils and mucous layer of the throat. After the active phase of the disease subsides, all symptoms gradually reverse and the child recovers.

Treatment prescribed from the very first day of illness helps reduce the severity of all changes that occur and is the only way to avoid damage to other organs.

Two weeks after the rash, small lamellar scales begin to separate from the skin affected by the rash.

This is especially noticeable on the palms and fingers; sometimes it is by this sign that it is determined that the child has suffered scarlet fever. In the photo of hands with desquamated epithelium, you can see pink skin; in the future, no pigmentation remains on it.

Source: medlor.ru

Diagnostic methods

The diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture. Since in most cases it is erased, medical history (contact with a patient with tonsillitis or scarlet fever) and laboratory tests help in diagnosis.

A blood test reveals signs of inflammation and bacterial infection. Serological tests (with blood serum) can detect antibodies to streptococcus.

Sowing of discharge from the throat is also carried out. To do this, take a smear, remove plaque from the tonsils with a spatula and apply it to the nutrient medium. After a few hours, streptococcus colonies begin to grow.

Possible complications and consequences of scarlet fever in children

Among the possible complications of scarlet fever in children, rheumatism and the development of heart valve defects are most often noted. But recently, due to the use of modern groups of antibiotics, complications develop very rarely and only in cases of lack of adequate and timely therapy.

The consequences of scarlet fever in the form of changes in immunological and allergic status can appear several months and even years later.

The toxin secreted by the pathogen provokes the development of genome deformation, which is responsible for the allergic and autoimmune response to the introduction of a foreign protein

Allergies can be caused by any trigger that most often affects the child's body. Other manifestations of autoimmune disorders may be hidden behind the destruction of cartilage and connective tissue, chronic pancreatitis and thyroiditis. Glomerulonephritis and toxic hepatitis develop less frequently.

In the short term, purulent otitis of the middle ear, ethmoiditis, frontal sinusitis and other forms of sinusitis may develop.

Pneumonia and bronchitis are relatively rare complications. More often, purulent tonsillitis occurs with the development of a retropharyngeal abscess.

Myocarditis occurs in approximately 5% of affected children. Rheumatoid polyarthritis can develop over 2 to 3 months.

Currently, scarlet fever occurs in milder forms than it did several decades ago. Complications after it are quite rare, and usually everything ends well.

You should not self-medicate; it is better to give this prerogative to doctors. After suffering from scarlet fever, persistent immunity to this infection usually develops. But it is better to try to protect the child from a dangerous disease.

Source: med-pomosh.com/

Varieties and atypical forms

Depending on the route of infection, two forms of scarlet fever are distinguished in adults:

• pharyngeal - bacteria enter the body through the mucous membrane of the oropharynx;
• extrapharyngeal - the pathogen can enter the blood through the wound surface of the skin, after which it spreads throughout the body.

The disease can occur in a standard or atypical form. The latter form includes scarlet fever with an erased or rudimentary course.

It is worth highlighting the following three forms of scarlet fever:

1. Extrabuccal form. It occurs extremely rarely, as it is characterized by penetration of the pathogen through wounds. The disease has an extremely short incubation period, after which a rash begins on the skin from the site of infection and beyond. The pharynx has a healthy appearance, which distinguishes this disease from other forms.
2. Erased form. Adults are more likely to experience this form of the disease. Although the main symptoms of scarlet fever are present, intoxication is mild, and skin rashes quickly disappear.
3. Septic form. Unlike children, adults are more likely to have severe scarlet fever. The disease occurs abruptly and is accompanied by multiple complications. Skin rashes look like petechial hemorrhages. Kidney diseases, blood poisoning and other pathologies may develop if not treated in a timely manner.

Treatment of scarlet fever

Treatment of scarlet fever in children is now mainly carried out at home, as the severity of the disease has decreased significantly compared to outbreaks of infection that occurred in the early and middle of the last century.

Only weakened children with signs of toxic damage to the body and with serious chronic diseases that can be negatively affected by scarlet fever are subject to hospitalization.

Treatment must begin by calling a doctor or an ambulance at home, since visiting the clinic is prohibited due to the contagiousness of the disease. Self-treatment should begin with the following measures:

The baby needs to be given bed rest, even if you are not sure that it is scarlet fever. To treat any infections with febrile syndrome and signs of intoxication, in order to avoid complications, it is necessary to ensure rest.

Dosages of medications are selected according to the age of the child; if necessary, the doctor supplements the treatment with other symptomatic therapy.

Treatment of scarlet fever in children should be carried out both during the active phase of the disease and during the recovery period. It is necessary to take probiotics to restore the microflora after antibiotics; sometimes immunomodulators are required. After the course of therapy, the child should be observed by a pediatrician for some time.

Taking blood and urine tests and auscultation of the heart will allow you to notice complications of scarlet fever in time. Treatment of scarlet fever with antibiotics must be carried out without fail.

At home, tablet forms of drugs are used; in hospitals, for severe cases of the disease, it is necessary to use intramuscular and intravenous injections.

Antibacterial treatment should not last less than seven days; independent refusal of medications leads to an increased likelihood of developing severe complications

Treatment should also include the use of antipyretics for high fevers. When the nasal mucosa is damaged, purulent mucus appears and cracks form on the skin, so treatment of this form of the disease must be carried out with appropriate drops in the nose.

Before treating scarlet fever in children, a thorough differential diagnosis is carried out. This is necessary because adequate therapy will require the prescription of various groups of antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs. These drugs are not used for rubella and measles.

Next, we consider how to treat scarlet fever at home, since hospitalization may be required only in severe forms of infection and there are signs of the development of serious complications.

Most often, therapy is carried out at home with the patient isolated from other household members. Strict bed rest is prescribed for at least 7 days.

Drinking plenty of fluids is recommended. The drinking regime is increased to 3 liters of liquid per day. It is mandatory to take antihistamines: Suprastin 200 mg 2 times a day, Diazolin, Ketotifen, Pipolfen and a number of other drugs. Vitamins C, A, and E are widely used.

It is advisable to prescribe calcium gluconate and Ascorutin in order to strengthen the vascular wall and prevent the generalized development of petechial rash

Treatment of scarlet fever with antibiotics is indicated - drugs are prescribed as early as possible, immediately after identifying a typical triad of symptoms. Preference is given to a drug with a broad spectrum of action. This could be Amoxicillin 250 mg 3 times a day (doha is calculated based on the weight and age of the baby).

Azitral, Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Sumamed, Ciprofloxacin, Ampiox, Tsifran and Cephalexin are also used. If necessary, the effect of antibiotics for the treatment of scarlet fever is enhanced by antimicrobial drugs.

This can be “Biseptol-240” 1 tablet 3 times a day, “Metronidazole”, “Trichopol” 125 mg 3 times a day. (Dosages are given for children, designed for children under 10 years of age).

To prevent the development of complications in the form of rheumatism, myocarditis and connective tissue damage, a course of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is necessary. The most commonly used is acetylsalicylic acid, 500 mg 3 times a day for 10 days. This drug is known as “Aspirin” and helps lower body temperature and relieve pain.

Gargling with solutions of "Furacilin" or soda is used topically; decoctions of chamomile can be used.

Also, Streptocide powder can be used for powder - it effectively affects this type of pathogenic microflora in the area of ​​the tonsils and upper palate.

Treatment with Lugol's solution is possible. To treat the skin during the period of rashes, you can use "Diamond Green", powders, antihistamine ointments, which relieve itching and prevent the addition of a secondary microbial infection due to the appearance of scratching.

Before treating scarlet fever in children, a thorough differential diagnosis is carried out. This is necessary because adequate therapy will require the prescription of various groups of antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs. These drugs are not used for rubella and measles.

Source: razvitie-malysha.com

Treatment methods

An infectious disease specialist treats scarlet fever. Therapy at home is possible for mild forms of the disease. More severe cases require round-the-clock observation by a specialist in a hospital. Treatment is usually comprehensive, aimed at combating the microbe, intoxication, and fever. An important role is played by the prevention of allergic reactions and possible consequences for the heart, kidneys and joints.

Medicines for the treatment of scarlet fever

For scarlet fever, the first drugs prescribed are those that specifically target the streptococcus bacterium—antibiotics. Antipyretic drugs help to cope with high fever. In addition, antiallergic drugs are prescribed for scarlet fever. They significantly reduce the risk of adverse reactions to antibiotic therapy and the likelihood of complications. Additionally, medications containing beneficial intestinal bacteria are prescribed. This measure allows you to restore digestion after taking antibiotics.

Drugs for the treatment of scarlet fever - table

Medicines for the treatment of scarlet fever - photo gallery

Augmentin is a penicillin antibiotic.

Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin

Clarithromycin is a macrolide

Nurofen is an analgesic and antipyretic agent

Erius - a modern antiallergic drug

Acipol contains beneficial bacteria

Physiotherapy

The inflammatory process of the pharynx and tonsils is successfully eliminated by irradiation with short waves of ultraviolet radiation (UV). Ultraviolet light is known for its disinfecting properties. With its help, you can successfully eliminate the pathogen in the area of ​​the entrance gate. This method can be used in the acute phase of the disease. Contraindications include:

• increased skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation;
• blood clotting diseases;
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum;
• acute myocardial infarction;
• severe liver and kidney diseases.

  KUF has a disinfecting effect

Diet

Serious drugs used in the treatment of scarlet fever impose several significant restrictions on the usual diet. This measure will help avoid allergic reactions to antibiotics. In addition, during the period of illness, the intestines vitally need easily digestible foods containing vitamins and beneficial microelements:

• vegetable soups and side dishes;
• dietary meats - turkey, rabbit;
• dairy products;
• cottage cheese;
• fresh fruits;
• berry desserts;
• compotes and fruit drinks.

Products useful for scarlet fever - photo gallery

Vegetable soup is the perfect first course

Berries are a source of vitamins

Berry juice contains vitamin C

Turkey is a dietary meat

Fermented milk products are good for digestion

It is highly undesirable to consume the following products:

• alcohol;
• chocolate;
• fruits from the citrus family;
• confectionery;
• exotic seasonings;
• fatty meats;
• sweet carbonated drinks;
• products with flavor enhancers.

Products that are undesirable to eat - photo gallery

Alcoholic drinks are incompatible with antibiotics

Citrus fruits often cause allergies

Chocolate often becomes an allergen

Exotic spices often cause allergies

Lamb is a fatty meat

Carbonated drinks contain dyes

General recommendations

A person with scarlet fever is especially dangerous to others in the first days of the disease. Contagiousness remains for 3 weeks from the onset of the first symptoms. Bed rest is prescribed for the entire febrile period. An adult is considered recovered after the disappearance of all signs of the disease, including rash and fever, but not earlier than 10 days from the onset of the disease. Discharge from the hospital occurs within the same time frame. During the acute period of the disease, visiting crowded places and communicating with children who have not had scarlet fever is extremely undesirable due to the high risk of spreading the infection.

After recovery, most can return to normal activities. People working in schools, preschool institutions, surgical hospitals, and catering establishments are transferred for 12 days to another workplace where they will not pose an epidemic danger to others. For a month after recovery, it is necessary to limit physical activity.

Folk remedies are not used in the treatment of scarlet fever, since the plants they contain significantly increase the risk of developing allergic reactions.

Home Remedies and Recipes

In addition to medications, it is allowed to use traditional medicine recipes. Natural formulations complement the main therapy.

When properly prepared and used, natural remedies are absolutely harmless to the child’s body. Consider the tendency to allergic reactions.

Effective recipes: cedar tincture. Pour 100 g of raw material with a liter of boiling water, let it brew for half an hour. Give the resulting decoction a tablespoon at a time.

Frequency – up to five times a day. Treatment lasts about a week; valerian. Grind the valerian root, give the resulting powder to the baby 2 g several times a day; lemon acid.

For a glass of warm water, take half a teaspoon of citric acid. The baby should gargle with the resulting solution in the morning and evening

This folk remedy will relieve the young patient of red spots, relieve swelling, and make the process of eating easier; Blueberry decoction.

Pour boiling water over 100 g of leaves and fruits, simmer over low heat for 10 minutes. Cool the resulting product, strain, give the baby 50 ml three times a day, preferably after meals; parsley tincture.

Take 150 g of fresh, finely chopped parsley, add 500 ml of boiling water, let it brew for one hour, filter. Lubricate the affected mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and tonsils with the resulting decoction.

Duration of therapy – 5 days. Before using any traditional medicine, be sure to consult your pediatrician. Experts do not recommend treating a child on your own.

Source: razvitie-malysha.com

Folk remedies

Traditional recipes for the treatment of scarlet fever are not able to replace drug therapy, which is prescribed by a specialist, and can only be used as additional therapeutic measures.

Lemon acid

Citric acid is one of the oldest and most effective remedies for combating the manifestations of scarlet fever. The patient needs to gargle hourly with a 30% solution of citric acid - with this treatment, relief occurs within a few days. Slices of lemon also help, which should be sucked every hour until the condition improves.

Parsley infusion

Another effective recipe is an infusion of parsley root. You need to take the root of the plant, grind it so that you get a tablespoon of raw material, steam it with a glass of boiling water, leave for half an hour, filter and take a tablespoon 3-4 times a day until the symptoms are relieved. The extracts can be diluted with a glass of vodka and used for compresses.

Black radish

Black radish is often used in folk medicine to treat ARVI, but in this case it is used for external rather than internal use. Grind the large root vegetable well, put the resulting pulp on a piece of gauze, and apply it to the throat. Wrap a warm scarf over the top and leave for three hours, with the patient lying down during this time. Continue treatment with such compresses for a week, performing the procedure twice a day.

Viburnum juice

At the first manifestations of scarlet fever, it is recommended to start treatment with viburnum juice

At the first manifestations of scarlet fever, it is recommended to begin treatment with viburnum juice. Squeeze the juice from viburnum berries (you can use frozen ones) so that you get two glasses of liquid (total volume about 400 ml). Dilute the juice with boiled water in equal proportions, add liquid honey (2 tbsp). Take the product 5-6 times a day, half a glass, the therapeutic course is 12-14 days.

Propolis with honey

Grind a teaspoon of propolis, pour it in, dilute it with a glass of milk and heat it in a water bath for 15 minutes. Mix the resulting product well, drink in small sips before going to bed, and before using the product, you need to gargle. If there is severe discomfort in the throat, you can hold a pea-sized piece of propolis behind your cheek.

Averin tea

A product called “Averin tea” consists of three medicinal plants and has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. It is especially effective for severely enlarged and painful lymph nodes. To prepare tea, take 40 g of tricolor violet and a series of tripartite, as well as 10 g of bittersweet nightshade herb. Pour a dessert spoon of this mixture with a glass of water, bring to a boil, keep in a water bath for 15 minutes, leave for an hour and strain. Drink a sip throughout the day.

Pumpkin

Pumpkin is an effective assistant in the treatment of scarlet fever

Regular pumpkin for scarlet fever can be used in several ways. Take a pumpkin, cut out the core, cut a thin piece across the grain and put it in milk for an hour. Keep this piece of pulp in your mouth close to the tonsils for at least half an hour.

If abscesses appear in the throat, a pumpkin compress will be an effective remedy. You need to separate the pumpkin fibers that contain the seeds, soak them in milk, apply them to your throat as a compress and replace them with a new one as soon as the old one dries out.

Infusions of medicinal plants

Infusions, decoctions and other remedies prepared from medicinal herbs effectively relieve intoxication and inflammation in patients with scarlet fever. To gargle and treat tonsils, you can use eucalyptus leaves, chamomile and calendula flowers. At high temperatures, it is recommended to drink chamomile tea, an infusion of strawberry or currant fruits and leaves.

The following remedy has a general strengthening effect. Take 3 tbsp. rose hips, 2 tbsp. lingonberry fruits (can be replaced with currants or cranberries), a tablespoon of knotweed herb, a teaspoon of Rhodiola rosea roots. Mix everything well, take 3 tbsp. mixture, steam with a liter of boiling water, leave for 3-4 hours, filter and drink instead of tea.

Video - How to treat scarlet fever with folk remedies

When does recovery occur?

Final recovery occurs 2-3 weeks after the first signs of the disease appear: after this period, the child is not considered contagious. After the temperature drops and the rash disappears, peeling of the hands begins after scarlet fever . The symptom indicates that the pathology has entered its final stage.

Complications are possible at different stages of the disease:

• otitis;
• inflammatory processes in the liver and kidneys;
• heart valve prolapse;
• rheumatism;
• myocarditis;
• pneumonia and others.

Do not neglect treatment and be sure to monitor the child’s heart function after recovery. The earlier the correct diagnosis of scarlet fever was made, the less likely it is that unwanted complications will occur.

Source of the disease

Scarlet fever is bacterial in nature in children and adults. Symptoms and treatment of the disease are directly related to this feature. After all, it is caused by group A streptococcus, which affects the respiratory system. You can become infected from a patient who fell ill no more than three weeks ago.

An epidemic of scarlet fever among children is most often observed in winter. This is explained by the fact that the body’s defenses are reduced at this time. The first symptoms of the disease after infection may appear after a couple of hours, but may take a week. If the immune system is strong, then the disease can make itself felt only after ten days.

Prevention of pathology

There are no specific preventive measures against scarlet fever. In fact, all activities aimed at strengthening the immune system are suitable. This could be hardening, taking vitamin complexes and adhering to the rules of a healthy lifestyle. In case of an epidemic, you should avoid public places and pay special attention to personal hygiene.

If one of their family members gets sick, they should be isolated. All necessary household items must be used by him alone. The patient's room should be regularly wet cleaned and ventilated. It is important to note that there is no vaccine against scarlet fever, but most people, after an illness, develop lifelong immunity to scarlet fever, although this does not exclude the possibility of re-infection with a different type of streptococcus.

Prevention

The most important preventive steps that an adult can take are to strengthen their own immunity and keep it normal.

You also need to constantly update your clothes to be clean and fresh. It is recommended not to have contact with patients and not to be in the same room as a patient with this disease.

During an outbreak or when you are near someone who is sick, you can use gauze to protect your mouth and nose. It is recommended to avoid public events, wash your hands with soap after coming from the street, and also rinse your nose with sea salt. This will reduce the likelihood of getting scarlet fever.

Diagnostics

To diagnose and establish a diagnosis, the pediatrician interviews the patient or his parents, collecting anamnesis about complaints, symptoms and the nature of their manifestations. The patient's skin rashes and pharynx must be examined. The throat with scarlet fever has a brighter, crimson hue than with sore throat. In order not to confuse scarlet fever with rubella, the doctor palpates the lymph nodes. With rubella, as a rule, they are enlarged both in front and behind.

From laboratory examinations, the pediatrician may prescribe a general blood test; in rare cases, the patient is given a rapid diagnosis to determine antigens to streptococcus. According to the results of the CBC, a patient with scarlet fever, as a rule, has a significantly higher leukocyte volume and ESR.

If your child has scarlet fever, periodically check the color of the patient's urine. Darkening, the color of “meat slop” indicate the development of complications in the kidney area. Red blood cells appear in the urine.

Scarlet fever

I

Scarlet fever (scarlatina; Italian scariattina, from Late Latin scarlatum bright red color)

acute infectious disease characterized by intoxication, sore throat and skin rash; one of the forms of streptococcal infection (Streptococcal infection). Distributed mainly in countries with cold and temperate climates.

Etiology . The causative agent of scarlet fever, β-hemolytic streptococcus of group A, has a spherical or oval shape, forms chains of different lengths, and is Gram stained. In accordance with M-protein typing, over 80 serovars of β-hemolytic streptococcus of group A are distinguished. The causative agent of S. produces various toxins and enzymes. The most severe toxic manifestations of S. are caused by an erythrogenic toxin, which is not produced by all β-hemolytic streptococci of group A. There are 3 types of erythrogenic toxin - A, B and C. The penetration of the pathogen into tissues is facilitated by such substances as S- and O -streptolysins, nucleases (hyaluronidase, streptokinase, proteinase, lipoproteinase) and bacteriocidins. β-hemolytic streptococci are microorganisms that are moderately resistant to physical factors. Their virulence in the environment is sharply reduced. Streptococci quickly die under the influence of disinfectants and are sensitive to the effects of antibiotics, especially benzylpenicillin, bicillin, semisynthetic penicillins, erythromycin, and doxycycline.

Epidemiology . The sources of the infectious agent are a patient with S. or any other clinical form of streptococcal infection and a bacterial carrier. Children aged 3-10 years who attend pre-school institutions and school are most often affected. The appearance of cases of S. in children's institutions is usually preceded by an increased incidence of sore throats and acute respiratory viral infections. Children in the first year of life (especially the first half of the year) and adults rarely get scarlet fever. The main route of transmission of the infectious agent is airborne droplets. Infection occurs when communicating with a sick person or bacteria carrier at a distance of no more than 3 m. The spread of the disease is facilitated by the crowding of children indoors. Transmission of the infectious agent through a third party and care items is of secondary importance.

The epidemic process in S. is characterized by waves, periodic declines and rises every 2-4 years. An increase in the incidence of S. in the autumn and winter months is clearly visible.

Pathogenesis and pathological anatomy . The causative agent of S. in most cases enters the body through the mucous membrane of the tonsils and other parts of the pharynx, less often through wound and burn surfaces (extrabuccal scarlet fever). A.A. Koltypin identified three “lines” in the pathogenesis of S.: toxic, optical and allergic, which determine the clinical manifestations of the disease. The toxic line of S.'s pathogenesis is caused by toxic substances of β-hemolytic streptococcus. Once in the blood, they cause symptoms of intoxication: increased body temperature, rash, dysfunction of the central nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems. The septic line of S.'s pathogenesis is associated with the effect of the microbial cell of β-hemolytic streptococcus on tissue. It is characterized by the development of catarrhal purulent or necrotic inflammation in the area of ​​the entrance gate of the infectious agent, as well as purulent complications. Allergic line of pathogenesis C is caused by sensitization of the body to β-hemolytic streptococcus and antigens of destroyed tissues. Allergies can develop from the first days of the disease, but are most pronounced in the 2-3rd week from the onset of the disease; clinically manifested by various skin rashes, acute lymphadenitis, glomerulonephritis, myocarditis, synovitis, unmotivated rises in body temperature (allergic waves). All three “lines” of S.’s pathogenesis are interconnected, but their severity varies in different patients. In some cases, toxic symptoms predominate, in others, septic symptoms. Allergic waves may be absent.

Morphological changes in S. are caused by the action of the infectious agent and its toxin. At the site of introduction of the pathogen S., swelling, hyperemia, myeloid metaplasia, and tissue necrosis are noted. The nature and depth of morphological changes depend on the severity of the disease.

Immunity . As a result of the transferred S., antitoxic and antimicrobial immunity is developed. Antitoxic immunity is most often associated with erythrogenic toxin type A. Antimicrobial immunity is formed only to the serovar of β-hemolytic streptococcus that caused the disease. The duration of immunity varies. Repeated cases of S. are rare and are associated with individual characteristics of the immune system.

Clinical picture . The incubation period usually lasts 2-7 days; it can be shortened to several hours and extended to 12 days. Typical S. begins acutely with a rise in body temperature. Malaise, loss of appetite, sore throat when swallowing, headache, tachycardia are noted, and vomiting is often observed. A few hours after the onset of the disease, a pink dotted rash appears in the area of ​​the cheeks, torso and limbs against the background of hyperemic skin. The skin of the nasolabial triangle remains pale and free of rash. The rash is more intense in the natural folds of the skin ( Fig. 1 ), on the side surfaces of the body, and in the lower abdomen. Sometimes, in addition to point elements, there may be rashes in the form of small (1-2 mm in diameter) bubbles filled with clear or cloudy liquid. In some cases, the rash is hemorrhagic. Characterized by itchy skin, dry skin and mucous membranes, and white dermographism. The rash usually lasts 3-7 days; then fades away, leaving no pigmentation. After the rash disappears, peeling of the skin occurs: in the area of ​​​​the palms and feet it is large-plate, starting from the tips of the fingers; There is pityriasis-like peeling on the body, neck, and ears.

One of the constant symptoms of S. is tonsillitis; it can be catarrhal, follicular, lacunar, and necrotizing tonsillitis is especially characteristic. With all types of tonsillitis, there is a bright hyperemia of the palatine tonsils, arches and uvula, which does not extend to the mucous membrane of the hard palate. In necrotizing tonsillitis, depending on the severity of the disease, necrosis can be superficial in the form of individual islands or deep, covering the entire surface of the palatine tonsils, and sometimes the palatine arches, uvula, and other parts of the pharynx. According to the degree of inflammation of the palatine tonsils, the regional (anterior cervical) lymph nodes are affected, they become dense and painful on palpation.

The tongue at the beginning of the disease is thickly covered with a white coating, then it clears from the tip and sides, becoming bright red with pronounced papillae - “crimson tongue” ( Fig. 2 ).

At the end of the first or second week, infectious heart syndrome develops: a slight expansion of the borders of the heart, a gentle systolic murmur or impurity of the first heart sound, bradycardia, respiratory arrhythmia, decreased blood pressure. These changes usually disappear after 3-4 weeks, sometimes later.

Depending on the severity of intoxication and the local inflammatory process in the pharynx, mild, moderate and severe forms of typical S are distinguished. The mild form occurs at normal or subfebrile body temperature without severe intoxication, with catarrhal sore throat. Moderately severe Inch is accompanied by an increase in body temperature to 38-39°, vomiting, sometimes repeated, necrotizing tonsillitis and significant regional lymphadenitis may develop. In severe forms with pronounced intoxication (toxic S.), high body temperature (39° and above), repeated or repeated vomiting, headache, lethargy, and blackout are always observed. Sometimes there are convulsions, delirium, and meningeal symptoms. The rash may be scanty, cyanotic, and often hemorrhagic. White dermographism is not expressed. Sore throat - catarrhal or with slight necrosis. Severe form of S. with a predominance of local manifestations (septic S.) is characterized by high fever, widespread necrosis of the palatine tonsils and arches; regional lymph nodes are sharply enlarged, dense and painful; periadenitis and, in some cases, adenophlegmon may occur. The severity of the patient's condition with septic S is mainly due to changes in the oropharynx. In recent years, in the vast majority of cases, mild forms of S. have been observed, less often - moderate forms. Severe forms of S. are very rare.

Atypical forms include erased, hypertoxic and extrabuccal S. With erased S., clinical manifestations are mild and short-lived. Hypertoxic S. is characterized by catastrophically increasing intoxication; death can occur due to the phenomena of infectious-toxic shock on the first day of the disease, when the main symptoms have not yet fully developed. With extrabuccal S., the incubation period is short (1-2 days), the rash usually begins at the site of a wound or burn, lymphadenitis develops near the entrance gate of the infectious agent, and sore throat is absent or mild.

The most common complications of S.: lymphadenitis, otitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis; myocarditis, nephritis, synovitis are possible. Complications usually appear 2-3 weeks after the onset of the disease. Two factors play a role in their pathogenesis: allergy and secondary infection with β-hemolytic streptococcus of the same or another serovar. Allergic complications (severe catarrhal lymphadenitis, myocarditis, nephritis, synovitis) develop, as a rule, in the 3-5th week of illness. Purulent complications (purulent lymphadenitis, periadenitis, adenophlegmon, otitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis) can occur both in the early and late stages of the disease; They are more often observed in young children.

Mental disorders in children with S. are rare. In severe forms of S., there are delirious states (see Delirious syndrome) with psychomotor agitation, which is replaced by depression and drowsiness, sometimes stupor. During the period of convalescence, a more or less pronounced Asthenic syndrome is detected.

In children of the first year of life, specific intoxication is insignificant; in some cases, S. is erased, but at the same time purulent complications (otitis media, lymphadenitis, adenophlegmon, etc.) are not uncommon. In adults, S.'s course is typical.

diagnosis in typical cases is not difficult. Acute onset of the disease, increased body temperature, vomiting, sore throat, bright hyperemia of the palatine tonsils, arches and uvula, not spreading to the hard palate, pink dotted rash against the background of hyperemic skin, especially rich in natural folds, pale nasolabial triangle, enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes give grounds to clinically diagnose S. Blood changes (neutrophilic leukocytosis with a band shift, increased ESR) correspond to the severity of the disease. In the first week of illness, eosinophilia is noted.

Difficulties in diagnosis arise when the patient is admitted to the hospital late, when the rash has already disappeared. In these cases, rich skin folds, “crimson tongue” and flaking of the skin are of diagnostic importance. Erased S. is helped to recognize by limited hyperemia of the palatine tonsils, arches and uvula, sometimes slight saturation of skin folds, cervical lymphadenitis and blood changes. In doubtful cases, epidemiological data on the possibility of communication between a patient and a patient with streptococcal infection are important.

Differential diagnosis should be made with yersiniosis, staphylococcal infection with scarlet fever syndrome, as well as an allergic rash. With Yersiniosis, the rash is usually larger, especially abundant on the extensor surfaces of the extremities, palms and soles; after the rash disappears, there may be pigmentation, the intensity of peeling of the skin varies; diffuse hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the oropharynx is determined; high body temperature lasts longer, sometimes the temperature curve has a wave-like character; symptoms of an acute abdomen appear, enteritis, hepatitis, arthritis, and myocarditis develop.

In case of staphylococcal infection (Staphylococcal infection) with scarlet-like syndrome, the rash occurs against the background of purulent lymphadenitis, phlegmon, purulent focus in the area of ​​the burn surface or wound, and there may be no sore throat.

An allergic scarlet-like rash is often combined with a macular, hemorrhagic and urticarial rash; sore throat and “raspberry tongue” are absent.

Treatment . Hospitalization of patients with S. is carried out according to clinical and epidemiological indications. Patients with mild and moderate forms of S. can be treated at home. In this case, isolation of the patient and compliance with sanitary and hygienic measures are necessary. Hospitalization is mandatory for severe forms of S. and in cases where it is impossible to isolate the patient at home and create the necessary conditions for his treatment. Hospitalization of patients should be carried out in separate wards of infectious diseases departments or boxes. Contact between newly admitted patients and convalescents should not be allowed.

Bed rest for 5-6 days. Nutrition should be appropriate for the patient's age. For any form of S., antibiotics must be prescribed. In the absence of contraindications, the antibiotic of choice is benzylpenicillin. It is most advisable to administer it intramuscularly 2 times a day, the dose is determined by the severity of the disease and the age of the patient. When treating at home, it is advisable to prescribe erythromycin, oxacillin or phenoxymethylpenicillin orally for children, and vibromycin for adults. The duration of antibiotic therapy is usually 5-7 days. The use of antibiotics prevents complications and shortens the duration of the infectious period. Early use of antibiotics in conditions that exclude cross-infection also contributes to a sharp reduction in allergic reactions. In addition to antibiotics, ascorbic acid and hyposensitizing drugs are prescribed. Symptomatic therapy is also carried out. Treatment of complications is carried out according to general rules depending on their nature. For purulent complications (otitis, lymphadenitis, sinusitis, etc.), antibiotics and physiotherapy (UHF, UV irradiation, dry heat) are used.

The prognosis for early rational penicillin therapy under conditions that exclude reinfection is favorable.

Prevention includes early detection, course and isolation of patients with S. and any other clinical form of streptococcal infection. Terms of isolation of patients with S., measures regarding convalescents and persons who communicated with the patient - see Isolation of infectious patients, table . Current disinfection is carried out in the S. outbreak. Specific prevention has not been developed.

Bibliography: Belyakov V.D., Khodyrev V.P. and Totolyan A.A. Streptococcal infection, p. 160, L., 1978; Nisevich N.I. and Uchaikin V.F. Infectious diseases in children, p. 253, M., 1990; Guide to infectious diseases in children, ed. S.D. Nosova, s. 79, M., 1980; Guide to Pediatrics, ed. R.E. Berman and V.K. Vaughan, trans. from English, book. 3, p. 340, M., 1987.

Rice. 1. “Thickening” of the scarlet fever rash in the axillary region.

Rice. 2. Bright red tongue with prominent papillae (“crimson tongue”) in a patient with scarlet fever.

II

Scarlet fever (scarlatina; Italian scarlattina, from Latin scarlatum bright red color)

acute infectious disease caused by hemolytic streptococcus producing erythrogenic toxin; transmitted by airborne droplets; characterized by fever, intoxication, acute tonsillitis with regional lymphadenitis, and pinpoint rash.

Scarlet fever hypertoxica (s. hypertoxica) - see Scarlet fever fulminant.

Scarlet fever fulminans (s. fulminans; synonym S. hypertoxic) is the most severe form of S., characterized by rapid intoxication with hyperthermia and the development of a coma.

Post-burn scarlet fever (s. post combustionem) is an extrapharyngeal S., in which burned skin serves as the entry point for infection.

Scarlet fever puerperalis (s. puerperalis) is an extrapharyngeal S. in women in labor, in which the damaged mucous membrane of the birth canal serves as the entry point for infection.

Scarlet fever wound (s. vulneralis) is an extrapharyngeal S., in which the surface of the wound serves as the entrance gate of infection.

Scarlet fever septica (s. septica) is a severe form of S., characterized by necrotic changes in the pharynx and nasopharynx with severe regional lymphadenitis and a tendency to develop metastatic abscesses (for example, in the mastoid process, paranasal sinuses, joints).

Toxic-septic scarlet fever (s. toxicoseptica) is a severe form of S., characterized by a combination of manifestations of toxic and septic S.

Toxic scarlet fever (s. toxica) is a severe form of S., characterized by symptoms of severe intoxication with significant hyperthermia and severe cardiovascular disorders.

Extrabuccal scarlet fever (s. extrabuccalis; lat. extra outside + bucca cheek) - see Extrapharyngeal scarlet fever.

Extrapharyngeal scarlet fever (s. extrapharyngealis; Latin extra outside + Greek pharynx, pharyngos pharynx; synonym S. extrabuccal) is the general name for forms of S. in which the entrance gate of infection is not the pharynx, but damaged skin or mucous membranes and there is no acute tonsillitis.

Source: Medical Encyclopedia on Gufo.me

Meanings in other dictionaries

1. scarlet fever - spelling scarlet fever, -s Spelling Dictionary Lopatin
2. scarlet fever - SCARLATINE, s, f. Infectious disease, mainly children's, accompanied by inflammation of the tonsils, rash and subsequent peeling of the skin. | adj. scarlet fever, oh, oh and scarlet fever, oh, oh. Scarlet fever patient. Scarlet fever rash. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
3. scarlet fever is a childhood infectious disease caused by hemolytic streptococcus, which occurs with fever, sore throat and a pinpoint bright red rash on the skin. Mostly children under 12 years of age are affected; adults are extremely rare. Biology. Modern encyclopedia
4. scarlet fever - s, w. An acute contagious disease, mainly of children, characterized by fever, sore throat and skin rash. [ital. scarlattina] Small academic dictionary
5. SCARLATINE - SCARLATINA (Italian scarlattina, from medieval Latin scarlatum - bright red) is an infectious disease, mainly of children. The causative agent is hemolytic streptococcus. Characterized by fever, sore throat, rash followed by peeling of the skin. Large encyclopedic dictionary
6. scarlet fever - Scarlatina/a. Morphemic-spelling dictionary
7. scarlet fever - SCARLATINE -s; and. [ital. scarlattina] An acute infectious disease (mainly in children), characterized by high fever, skin rash, and inflammation of the tonsils. Scarlet fever epidemic. I recovered from scarlet fever. Get scarlet fever. Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
8. scarlet fever - This disease owes its name to the red rash that appears in patients, because the Italian skarlatto means “crimson”, “scarlet”. By the way, the name of the heroine of the well-known novel by American writer Margaret Mitchell “Gone with the Wind” – Scarlet – goes back to the same root. Krylov's etymological dictionary
9. scarlet fever - Scarlet fever, plural. no, w. [from it. scarlatto – crimson]. Acute infectious disease, mainly in children, characterized by the appearance of a feverish state, sore throat and a reddish rash followed by peeling of the skin, a tendency to purulent-septic complications. Large dictionary of foreign words
10. Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease characterized by a diffuse pale pink, pinpoint rash throughout the body, fever and inflammation of the pharynx. The cause producing S. is undoubtedly microparasitic in nature. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
11. Scarlet fever - (Italian scarlattina, from the Late Latin scarlatum - bright red color) is an acute infectious disease, mainly of childhood, manifested by fever, sore throat and skin rash. S. gave the first clinical description in the 17th century. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
12. scarlet fever - Scarlet fever is one of the clinical forms of streptococcal infectious disease, which occurs acutely with symptoms of general intoxication, sore throat and a characteristic skin rash. Medical dictionary
13. scarlet fever - scarlet fever From French. scarlatine or etc. scarlattina from Middle Lat. febris scarlatina (related to the previous one); see Kluge-Götze 508; Gamilsheg, EW 790. Etymological Dictionary of Max Vasmer
14. scarlet fever - Scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever, scarlet fever Zaliznyak's Grammar Dictionary
15. scarlet fever - noun, number of synonyms: 2 disease 995 scarlet 6 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
16. scarlet fever - scarlet fever, -s Spelling dictionary. One N or two?
17. scarlet fever - SCARLATINE s, w. scarlatine, fièvre scarlatine <, it. scarlattina < scarlatto crimson. An acute contagious disease, mainly in children, usually characterized by high fever, rash all over the body and sore throat. BAS-1. Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian language
18. scarlet fever - SCARLAT'INA, scarlet fever, pl. no, female (from Italian scarlatto - crimson). Acute infectious disease, mainly in children, characterized by the appearance of a fever, sore throat and a reddish rash followed by peeling of the skin. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
19. scarlet fever - scarlet fever w. 1. An acute infectious disease, mainly in children, characterized by high fever, rash and sore throat. 2. An epidemic of such a disease. Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
20. scarlet fever - SCARLATINE w. rash disease rubella (if you distinguish between rubella and rubella rubeolae). Scarlet fever, related to it. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
21. SCARLATINE - honey. Scarlet fever is one of the clinical forms of streptococcal infectious disease, which occurs acutely with symptoms of general intoxication, sore throat and a characteristic skin rash. Directory of diseases

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Forms of the disease

Like other infectious diseases, scarlet fever has forms. Doctors have identified pharyngeal and extrapharyngeal. In turn, each of them can be either typical or atypical.

A typical form has several flow options.

• The mild course of the disease occurs at a temperature no higher than 38.5 degrees, a small rash appears, and the throat does not hurt so much. The illness lasts for 5 days.
• The moderate course is accompanied by a higher temperature, the rash with scarlet fever is very pronounced, a purulent sore throat is detected, and the gag reflex is often disturbing. The duration of this form is up to 8 days.
• Heavy fully corresponds to its definition. The toxic type leads to such consequences as an increase in temperature to 40 degrees and above, loss of consciousness, severe vomiting, and delirium. This is caused by severe intoxication of the body.

Necrotizing tonsillitis causes inflammation and death of tissues located near the sites of infection;

Septic scarlet fever with severe toxicity combines a combination of all forms.

Atypical scarlet fever has its own characteristics. Symptoms in this case may be difficult to identify. In the erased form, the main characteristic features of scarlet fever do not appear, so a rash does not occur with scarlet fever, and the temperature almost does not rise.

In its rudimentary form, the rash has a single localization, and the course of the disease itself lasts about three days.

Complications

Most often they occur due to untimely treatment or an erased form of scarlet fever. The following consequences are possible:

• purulent sore throat;
• otitis;
• sinusitis;
• pneumonia;
• foci of necrosis on the tonsils;
• glomerulonephritis, renal failure;
• hemorrhagic vasculitis;
• myocarditis, endocarditis, heart failure;
• toxic shock;
• joint damage, including arthritis;
• sepsis;
• hemorrhage in the adrenal cortex or brain.

In case of severe manifestations, you must immediately go to the hospital, otherwise death is possible.

During pregnancy

Most often, scarlet fever is mild and does not pose a threat to the mother and fetus, but this is not a reason not to consult a doctor. If you suspect an infection, you must come to the hospital at any time. This is necessary, since it is the doctor who will be able to correctly determine the treatment strategy and prescribe medications that will not be contraindicated for pregnant women.

In severe cases of the disease, it is necessary to take antibiotics, which are contraindicated during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. And here a special responsibility lies with the doctor, who must assess whether the risk to pregnancy from possible treatment is justified.

Severe forms of scarlet fever in the early stages most often lead to spontaneous abortion, especially if treated with antibiotics. At later stages, antibacterial therapy is no longer so destructive. But in any case, the expectant mother is admitted to the hospital for additional examination, and many tests and diagnostic procedures are performed.

The most common complications of scarlet fever during pregnancy are as follows:

• prematurity;
• complications during childbirth;
• oxygen starvation of the fetus;
• congenital pneumonia, etc.

Diagnosis of scarlet fever

In the process of diagnosing the disease, it is important to distinguish scarlet fever from pseudotuberculosis , measles , rubella , and sometimes, with appropriate symptoms, from diphtheria . The doctor conducts an examination, and if the symptoms described above, characteristic of scarlet fever, are present, he prescribes further tests that can confirm the presence of the disease. If the patient has a rash, during the examination the doctor presses on it with his palm, after which the rash disappears for a while.

A patient with suspected scarlet fever is also prescribed laboratory blood tests. Their results demonstrate the presence of changes that are typical of a bacterial infection. During diagnosis, pathogen isolation is not practiced.

Prevention of scarlet fever

To date, there is no special vaccine against scarlet fever. Therefore, quarantine measures are used as preventive measures for a child who has contracted scarlet fever. It is equally important to take all measures to ensure that the immune defense of the body of a child who has had scarlet fever increases. To do this, parents must ensure regular activities that help strengthen the immune system. We are talking about gradual hardening, the right approach to ensuring a healthy diet, and compliance with all hygiene rules. Parents should also ensure that the child undergoes timely preventive examinations with a doctor and receives adequate treatment for diseases of the gums and teeth , sinusitis , tonsillitis , and otitis media .