Increased level of monocytes in the blood of an adult: what does this mean, reasons

Main functions of monocytes

Monocytes, with their morphological structure, very much resemble lymphoblasts, although they differ markedly from lymphocytes that have passed through the stages of their development and reached a mature form. The similarity with blast cells lies in the fact that monocytes also know how to adhere to inorganic substances
(glass, plastic), but they do this better than blasts.

Their main functions are formed from individual features inherent only to macrophages:

• Receptors located on the surface of macrophages are distinguished by a higher ability (superior to lymphocyte receptors) to bind fragments of foreign antigen. Having thus captured a foreign particle, the macrophage transfers the foreign antigen and presents it to T-lymphocytes
  (helpers, helpers) for recognition.
• Macrophages actively produce immune mediators
  (pro-inflammatory cytokines that are activated and directed to the inflammation zone). T-lymphocytes also produce cytokines and are considered their main producers, but the presentation of the antigen is carried out by the macrophage, which means that it begins its work earlier than the T-lymphocyte, which acquires new properties (killer or antibody-forming agent) only after the macrophage brings and shows it an object unnecessary to the body.
• Macrophages synthesize transferrin for export,
  which is involved in transporting iron from the site of absorption to the site of deposition (bone marrow) or use (liver, spleen), Kupffer cells break down hemoglobin in the liver into heme and globin;
• The surfaces of macrophages (foam cells) carry insular receptors
  suitable for LDL (low density lipoprotein), why, interestingly, then the macrophages themselves become
  the nucleus
  .

How to normalize the level

Typically, a decrease in monocyte levels is not a cause for great concern. But a stable deviation of the absolute cell index below the norm may be a consequence of several factors:

• bone marrow pathologies;
• anemia;
• irradiation;
• hairy cell leukemia;
• taking certain medications.

The percentage may vary depending on the quantitative levels of neutrophils and eosinophils. Elevated monocytes often indicate existing health problems. To reduce the number and percentage of cells to normal, treatment for the source of the pathology should begin.

Important! If the analysis shows that monocytes are elevated, it is worth carrying out additional diagnostic measures. Only after confirmation of the diagnosis is a treatment plan drawn up and therapeutic actions begin.

An increase in monocytes separately from other cells is rarely observed. Therefore, when identifying such a factor, the study should be carried out repeatedly. To eliminate errors, the analysis must be repeated after a certain period of time. In any situation, a medical specialist should interpret the results obtained. Only with the help of a qualified doctor can a patient avoid serious health problems.

What can monocytes do?

Process of phagocytosis

The main characteristic feature of monocytes (macrophages) is their ability to phagocytose

,
which can have various variants or occur in combination with other manifestations of their functional “zeal”. Many cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes, epithelial cells) are capable of phagocytosis, but it is still recognized that macrophages are superior to all in this matter. Phagocytosis itself consists of several stages:

1. Binding (attachment to the phagocyte membrane through receptors using opsonins - opsonization
   );
2. Invagination
   - penetration inside;
3. Immersion in the cytoplasm and envelopment
   (the membrane of the phagocytic cell flows around the ingested particle, surrounding it with a double membrane);
4. Further immersion, envelopment and formation of an isolated phagosome
   ;
5. Activation of lysosomal enzymes, prolonged “respiratory burst”, formation of phagolysosome
   , digestion;
6. Completed phagocytosis
   (destruction and death);
7. Incomplete phagocytosis
   (intracellular persistence of a pathogen that has not completely lost its viability).

Under normal conditions, macrophages are able to:

Thus, monocytes (macrophages) are able to move like amoebas and, of course, carry out phagocytosis, which refers to the specific functions of all cells called phagocytes. Due to lipases contained in the cytoplasm of mononuclear phagocytes, they can destroy microorganisms enclosed in a lipid capsule (for example, mycobacteria).

These cells are very active in “dealing” with small “strangers”, cell remnants and even whole cells,

often regardless of their size. In life expectancy, macrophages significantly exceed granulocytes, since they live for weeks and months, but they are noticeably behind lymphocytes, which are responsible for immunological memory. But this does not count the monocytes “stuck” in tattoos or in the lungs of smokers, where they spend many years because they do not have the ability to return from tissues.

What are monocytes: why are they needed?

Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow and then enter the blood, where they make up approximately 1 to 10% of circulating white blood cells (200 to 600 monocytes per microliter of blood). After a few hours in the blood, monocytes migrate to tissues (such as the spleen, liver, lung, and bone marrow tissue), where they mature into macrophages.

Macrophages are the primary scavenger cells of the immune system. Certain genetic abnormalities affect the function of monocytes and macrophages and cause the accumulation of fatty (lipid) residues in the cells. This results in lipid storage disorders (such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease).

Low or high monocyte counts usually do not cause symptoms. However, people may have symptoms of the exact disorder that caused the change in monocyte count.

The diagnosis is made based on a blood test (full blood count) when a person has signs or symptoms of an infection or autoimmune disorder. Sometimes the condition is discovered incidentally when a complete blood count is performed during a routine physical examination or to evaluate another condition. Treatment for monocyte level disorders depends on the cause.

Determination of the level of monocytes in the blood

The level of monocytosis is measured in two indicators:

1. absolute, demonstrating the number of cells per liter of blood, with the norm in adults up to 0.08 * 109/l, in children - up to 1.1 * 109/l;
2. relative, showing whether monocytes are increased in relation to other leukocyte cells: the limit level is considered to be 12% in children under 12 years of age, and 11% in adult patients;

To check the blood for the content of monocytes, an advanced analysis is prescribed with a detailed decoding of the leukocyte formula. Donation of capillary blood (from a finger) is carried out in the morning, on an empty stomach. Drinking before the test is also not recommended.

Purulent and inflammatory processes in the body are common causes of absolute monocytosis. If initial tests indicate that monocytes are significantly increased with a normal leukocyte count or a drop in their overall level, additional research must be carried out. Separated from other white cells, elevated monocytes are quite rare, so doctors recommend repeating the analysis after some time to exclude erroneous results. In any case, you should not decipher the analysis yourself: only a specialist can correctly interpret the resulting numbers.

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Monocytes are one of the largest blood cells that belong to the group of leukocytes, do not contain granules (they are agranulocytes) and are the most active phagocytes (able to absorb foreign agents and protect the human body from their harmful effects) of peripheral blood.

They perform protective functions - they fight against all kinds of viruses and infections, absorb blood clots, preventing the formation of blood clots, and exhibit antitumor activity

If monocytes are reduced, this may indicate development (doctors pay special attention to this indicator during pregnancy), and an increased level indicates the development of infection in the body

If we talk about the quantitative content of monocytes in the blood, the norm of this indicator should be in the range of 3–11% (in a child, the number of these cells can fluctuate within 2–12%) of the total number of leukocyte elements in the blood.

Basically, doctors determine the relative quantitative content of these elements (for this purpose it is carried out), but if serious disorders of the bone marrow are suspected, an analysis is carried out for the absolute content of monocytes, the poor results of which should alert any person.

Women (especially during pregnancy) always have slightly more leukocyte cells in their blood than men, in addition, this indicator may vary depending on age (children may have more).

Causes of increased monocyte count in adults

Clinically, a high level of mature mononuclear leukocytes is called monocytosis.

If monocytes are elevated in an adult, it could be caused by high levels of stress and weak immunity.

Other physiological problems including even slight increases:

• Autoimmune disorders;
• Inflammation and swelling;
• Viral infection (measles, mumps, infectious mononucleosis);
• Severe bacterial infection (pneumonia);
• Parasitic infection;
• Sickle cell anemia;
• Impaired functioning of the immune system and restoration of the number of erythrocytes in the blood (red blood cells).

Lymphocytes and monocytes when their levels increase simultaneously

Basically, if the readings are elevated, the development of a viral infection should be suspected. Why? Because lymphocytes and monocytes recognize the introduction of a foreign microbe and are sent to fight it. Lymphocyte bodies perform several functions:

• Regulate the immune response;
• Produce immunoglobulins;
• Destroy the enemy;
• Remember information about the embedded agent.

Thus, both types of leukocyte forms are capable of participating in phagocytosis. But lymphocytes also produce antibodies to pathogens.

Lymphocytosis with monocytosis is almost always diagnosed during acute infections. They are caused by influenza viruses, rubella, herpes, etc. As a rule, the analysis shows a decrease in neutrophilic forms. Antiviral drugs are prescribed for therapy.

What to do if monocytes are not normal

Please note that if, when reading a blood test, you see a problem with monocytes, you should not look for the answer to the question of how to lower monocytes. Why lower their levels if they are fighting infection?

First of all, you need to contact a specialist who will conduct an examination, carefully collect an anamnesis of the disease and compare test data. If necessary, additional clarifying studies can be carried out.

Attention! Treatment is prescribed only after a diagnosis has been established, that is, the cause of the deviation in the tests has been identified.

The variety of shapes and types determines the functions

group of cells of the agranulocytic series of leukocytes in terms of forms of activity.

(non-granular leukocytes).
Due to the special diversity of their functions, these representatives of the leukocyte unit are united into one common mononuclear phagocytic system
(MPS), which includes:

• Peripheral blood monocytes
  - everything is clear with them. These are immature cells that have just emerged from the bone marrow and do not yet perform the main functions of phagocytes. These cells circulate in the blood for up to 3 days, and then are sent to the tissues to mature.
• Macrophages
  – dominant cells of the MFS. They are quite mature, they are distinguished by the same morphological heterogeneity that corresponds to their functional diversity. Macrophages in the human body are represented by:
  Tissue macrophages
  (mobile histiocytes), which are distinguished by a pronounced ability for phagocytosis, secretion and synthesis of a huge amount of proteins.
  They produce hydralases, which accumulate in lysosomes or escape into the extracellular environment. Lysozyme
  , continuously synthesized in macrophages, is a kind of indicator that responds to the activity of the entire MF system (under the influence of activators, lysozyme in the blood increases);
• Highly differentiated tissue-specific macrophages
  .
  Which also have a number of varieties and can be represented by: Immobile, but capable of pinocytosis, Kupffer cells
  , concentrated mainly in the liver;
• Alveolar macrophages
  , which interact with allergens entering the inhaled air and absorb them;
• Epithelioid cellslocalized
  in granulomatous nodules (focus of inflammation) with infectious granuloma (tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, tularemia, brucellosis, etc.) and non-infectious nature (silicosis, asbestosis), as well as with drug exposure or around foreign bodies;
• Intraepidermal macrophages
  (dendritic cells of the skin, Langerhans cells) - they process foreign antigen well and participate in its presentation;
• Multinucleated giant cells
  formed from the fusion of epithelioid macrophages.

Why are monocytes low, what does this mean?

Reduced monocyte counts indicate a malfunction in the hematopoietic system and depleted immune defense. At the same time, conditions arise in the human body for large-scale development of infection: the immune system does not receive information about pathogenic microorganisms, and the source of inflammation spreads with lightning speed.

A low number of monocytes (monocytopenia) indicates the body’s inability to fight infection. This condition occurs in the following cases:

• The first week after childbirth - indicators are restored without drug correction;
• Stress, hard work - the number of monocytes returns to normal after proper rest;
• Long-term adherence to a debilitating diet and fasting regime, leading to general exhaustion of the body;
• Typhus, typhoid fever and other long-term infections;
• Prolonged fever;
• Treatment with hormones, immunosuppressants, chemotherapy and radiotherapy;
• Total suppression of hematopoietic function, for example, with aplastic anemia, blood loss, shock (extensive burns, severe injuries, etc.);
• Generalized inflammation - sepsis, gangrene.

Monocytes in the blood functionality

Monocyte bodies quickly respond to the inflammatory process and immediately move towards the site of infection or introduction of a foreign agent.
Almost always they manage to destroy the enemy. But there are situations when enemy cells turn out to be more powerful than the macrophage, block phagocytosis or develop protective mechanisms. Mature monocytic bodies perform several main functions:

1. Enzymes bind the antigen and show it to T-lymphocytes so that they recognize it.
2. They form mediators of the immune system. Proinflammatory cytokines move to the site of inflammation.
3. They take part in the transport and absorption of iron, necessary for the production of blood forms in the bone marrow.
4. Phagocytosis is performed, going through several stages (binding, immersion in the cytoplasm, formation of a phagosome, destruction).

Leukocyte cells are not always able to phagocytose pathogenic microorganisms. There are certain pathogens, for example, mycoplasmas, which bind to the membrane and take root in macrophages. But mycobacteria and toxoplasma act differently. They block the process of fusion of phagosome and lysosome, thereby preventing lysis. To fight such microbes, they require external help from leukocytes that produce lymphokines.

Actively mature monocytes deal with microscopic invaders and even huge cells. They live in tissues for weeks, months. But unlike lymphocytes in the blood, they do not have immunological memory. Interestingly, the leukocyte cells remain in the tattoos and lungs of smokers for years because they cannot get out of them.

Life cycle of monocytes

The formation of monocytes occurs in the red bone marrow. They enter the peripheral blood (general circulatory system) in the form of young immature cells. These are the precursors of macrophages - cells that can conditionally be called cleaners.

They do not stay in the blood for long. Reaching the lymph nodes, spleen, alveoli and liver, some of the cells (75%) are deposited in these organs for final maturation. Next, macrophages are formed from them.

The remaining quarter of young monocytes remain in the circulating blood. Their residence time in the blood ranges from 36 to 104 hours. Macrophages live in tissues for at least 21 days.

A monocyte-macrophage is a large cell that moves slowly through the bloodstream. Due to their size, they are able to capture and destroy even large “garbage”: toxic waste products of viruses and bacteria, dead, damaged and parasite-infected cells.

Surrounding the site of inflammation, monocytes-macrophages are able to multiply by division. They can also migrate to the site of inflammation in tissues and are always present at the site of a chronic process.

What does this indicator indicate in the analysis results?

Blood is not just water with cells floating in it, it is connective tissue with its own complex composition.

For the body to function properly, this composition must remain unchanged. The constancy of blood composition is part of the overall homeostasis of the body. Therefore, by changing the amount of various components in the blood, one can judge the change in the whole organism.

Blood testing is an important diagnostic tool.

The bulk of plasma is indeed water, but in this water there is a whole cocktail dissolved, consisting of proteins, ions, dissolved gases and other substances. In this cocktail, the formed elements of blood are freely distributed - various cells with their own functions.

The immune system

The immune system is a structure in the body of a person or other animal that literally protects the biological boundaries of that body. The purpose and sole task of this system is the destruction or isolation of all foreign objects.

The list of aliens includes many different objects: viruses, bacteria, toxic substances, tumor cells, entire parasites or individual specific molecules.

Some leukocytes search for the enemy with the help of receptors, others neutralize this enemy, and others carry the enemy’s fragments to the command center for study and memorization. This is how long-term immunity is formed.

Phagocytes

One of these units that come into direct contact with the enemy are phagocytes. From Greek, “phage” is translated as “to absorb, devour,” and “cyt” is translated as “cell.”

If it is not a microbe, but some substance that is resistant to such dissolution, the phagocyte takes the stranger with it and removes it from the body. In the same way, body cells that have died naturally are dissolved and removed.

Among phagocytes there are their own professionals - cells that have special receptors on their surface that are responsible for searching for strangers. These “professionals” include monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendrites and neutrophils.

Monocytes

From Greek “mono” is translated as “one, only”, while “cit” is “cell”. That is, “monocyte” can be translated as “lonely cell.” Quite funny, considering that one microliter of blood can contain up to half a thousand of these cells.

Monocytes are able to operate in a hostile environment, absorbing their fallen fellow leukocytes along with the enemy. It is monocytes that create the front line around large, insoluble objects - for example, a large splinter.

Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow, from where they enter the blood. Together with the blood, they are carried throughout the body, collecting in the lymph nodes, liver, or remaining in the bone marrow. After two to three days of traveling with the blood, the monocytes either die and disintegrate or are released into the tissues, becoming macrophages.

Monocytosis

In a normal, healthy body, the content of monocytes in the blood is stable. In a blood test, it is usually shown either as MON% - the relative content of monocytes relative to normal, or as MON# - the absolute number of cells, their number per liter of blood.

An increased level of monocytes in the blood is called monocytosis. There are more monocytes in the blood when there is more work for them - during infectious diseases and during the recovery period after them, with tuberculosis, and specific blood diseases.

To make a specific diagnosis, the number of monocytes alone is not enough - a general picture of the composition of the blood is necessary. But even then, monocytosis may only be a general symptom for which further diagnosis is necessary.

Count

A general blood test involves calculating the leukocyte formula, including determining the amount of MON in the blood. The absolute content of monocytes per unit volume of blood and the relative content are taken into account: the percentage of each type of leukocyte to the total number of white blood cells.

For the diagnosis of monocytes, both indicators are in demand, but the percentage ratio is more often used. It indicates the contribution of MON to the defense of the body.

The rate of monocytes in the blood of men and women of different ages is the same. For an adult, the upper limit of normal monocytes is considered to be 8 * 104 cells in 1 ml. In children, the norm of monocytes in the blood is considered acceptable to fluctuate from 5 to 11 * 10 4 in 1 ml. In percentage terms, the norm is considered to be monocytes in a blood test in men and women at the level of 3-11%, and in children from 2 to 12.

A condition in which monocytes in the blood are elevated is called monocytosis. If the number of monocytes is less than normal, we are talking about monocytopenia.

Monocytes in the blood are increased

Monocytes are large blood cells that belong to leukocytes. These cells are the brightest representatives of phagocytes, that is, those cells that, by eating, get rid of germs and bacteria.

The total number of monocytes of all leukocytes in the blood ranges from 3 to 11 percent. If the percentage of these cells increases, then this condition is called relative monocytosis. If the number of monocytes increases, then this condition is called absolute monocytosis. But monocytes are not only blood cells.

They can be found in large numbers in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow. Monocytes remain in the blood for no more than 3 days. After this, they gradually move into tissues and become histocytes. It is from these cells that Langerhans cells of the liver begin to gradually form.

In the body, monocyte cells participate in a very important action - they cleanse the site of inflammation from dead monocytes, thereby allowing the tissue to regenerate. In addition, these cells help regulate hematopoiesis, form specific human immunity, provide an antitumor effect and the production of interferons

Monocytes in the blood are elevated in quite rare cases. That is why finding out the reason for their increase is not so difficult. The very first factor in increasing monocytes is infection. These include mononucleosis, viral diseases, fungal infections, and rickettsiosis. In these conditions, an increased number of monocytes can be detected in a blood test.

Often, an increased number of monocytes can be detected during recovery from illness. Moreover, an increased number of these cells occurs during the recovery period after almost all diseases. Monocytosis also occurs in very serious conditions - tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis.

This is why it is so important to know the monocyte count for any blood donation. However, it is impossible to make a diagnosis based on analysis alone.

In this case, it is necessary to take into account a lot of factors and undergo other examinations. Only in this way can a correct diagnosis be made.

And, of course, the number of monocytes can be greatly increased in blood diseases. This is especially true for acute leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia and other similar diseases. This group also includes polycythemia vera, osteomyelofibrosis and thrombocytopenic purpura of unknown origin.

Monocytes in the blood are also elevated during the initial stage of development of cancerous tumors. In some cases, this may be the very first indicator that not everything is in order with the body, and that it is necessary to find the cause.

And of course, monocytosis always accompanies processes such as rheumatism and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this case, the number of monocytes can be increased quite significantly.

It often happens that along with monocytes, other blood cells are also elevated, namely those that are responsible for the inflammatory nature of the disease.

Separately, only monocytes increase quite rarely. Therefore, when examining the result of a blood test and when interpreting the result, it is worth taking this fact into account. The blood itself for the analysis of monocytes is donated from a finger on an empty stomach and early in the morning.

Diagnostics

The main method for diagnosing monocytosis is a clinical (general) blood test. Since monocytes are a form of leukocytes, their number is determined by calculating the leukocyte formula. The international designation of leukocytes is WBC (white blood cells), monocytes in the leukocyte formula are designated as MON (monocytes).

Monocytosis is diagnosed when the content of monocytes in the blood exceeds 1–11% or 0.8 x 109/L.

When examining children, it is necessary to take into account age characteristics, and in women it is necessary to take into account the phase of the menstrual cycle.

After detecting an increased number of monocytes in the blood, a diagnostic search is conducted towards the cause of this condition. It is necessary to take into account previous infectious diseases, as well as any existing symptoms. If necessary, a detailed examination is carried out, including additional blood tests, imaging techniques (for example, magnetic resonance or computed tomography of lymph nodes), bone marrow puncture, lymph node biopsy, etc.

To diagnose monocytosis, a clinical blood test is performed

Monocytosis in some diseases can serve as a prognostic sign. Thus, it is known that a significant increase in the number of intermediate monocytes in atherosclerosis increases the risk of cardiovascular events.

An unmotivated persistent increase in the number of monocytes may be a harbinger of acute leukemia, which occurs several years later. The reason explaining this phenomenon has not yet been established.

Standards

The norms for women and men are practically no different. Determination of the absolute (abs.) value per 1 liter of blood is carried out by general analysis and examination of a stained smear. The content of monocytes relative to the total amount of leukocytes is calculated as a percentage and is called the level.

Both indicators are important to evaluate the result. With a sharp fluctuation in the number of other cells included in the leukocyte formula, the level of monocytes may change (above normal or decrease). Although their absolute value will remain unchanged.

Analysis of the relationship with the age category showed an increased level in children under 6 years of age compared to the level in an adult.

For adults, the normal absolute indicator is considered to be values ​​from zero to 0.08 x 10 9 / l; for a child, from 0.05 to 1.1 x 10 9 / l is acceptable.

In the leukocyte formula, the percentage of monocytes in children is considered normal - 2-12% after birth, in the first 2 weeks - 5-15%, in adults - 3-11%. A similar indicator during pregnancy does not exceed normal limits:

• first trimester on average 3.9%;
• second - 4.0;
• third - 4.5.

Any indicator exceeding the upper limit is called monocytosis and has its own physiological and pathological causes

Table of monocyte norms by age

The normal levels of monocytes in the blood of women, men, and children (by age) are presented in the table.

Thus, the norm for adult men and women is no different. The normal number of monocytes in children, indicated in the table, is highest in the first weeks of life, and then a gradual decrease in this indicator is observed.

Among women

The norms of monocytes in women by age are presented in the table above. In order not to miss the development of severe pathologies, it is necessary to take blood tests at least once a year. And in the presence of chronic diseases - every 6 months.

The norm of monocytes in the blood of women does not differ from the norm of men. This indicator in adults has no gender or age differences.

In men

The norm of monocytes in men by age is indicated in the table above. Before taking a blood test, it is forbidden to eat food; you must come strictly on an empty stomach. This is necessary to avoid false results. In men, the rate of relative and absolute content of these cells is the same as in women.

The appearance of monocytosis or monocytopenia in general blood tests is not an independent diagnosis. To clarify and identify the cause of this pathology, it is necessary to conduct additional instrumental and laboratory research methods.

Children

In children, in normal blood tests, monocytes in the first two weeks of life are slightly elevated and amount to 5-15 percent. Then their number decreases somewhat and remains virtually unchanged until the end of life. The norm of monocytes in the blood of children after 16 years of age is 3–11%, which corresponds to that of adults.

Monocytes production and structure features

The ancestor of monocytic bodies are monoblasts. Before becoming mature cells, they must go through several stages of development. Promyelocytes are formed from the monoblast, then promonocytes, and only after this stage monocytes mature. They form in small quantities in the lymph nodes and connective tissues of some organs.

Mature forms are distinguished by their cytoplasm, which contains various enzymes and biological substances. These include lipase, carbohydrase, protease, lactoferrin, etc.

Monocytes cannot be produced in significantly increased numbers like other types of white blood cells. Strengthening their products is possible only 2-3 times, no more. Phagocytic mononuclear cells, which have already moved from the bloodstream into the tissues of the body, are replaced only by newly arrived forms.

As soon as the bodies enter the peripheral bloodstream, they migrate through the vessels within three days. Then they stop in the tissues, where they fully mature. Thus, histiocytes and macrophages are formed.

Agranulocytic or non-granular leukocytes perform various functions. They were even combined into the MFS group to make it more convenient to classify activities. The mononuclear phagocytic system includes the following cells:

1. Monocytes that are found in the peripheral bloodstream.

Immature leukocyte bodies cannot perform the main work of phagocytes. They simply circulate in the blood to move to the tissues where they will undergo the final stage of maturation.

1. Macrophages, mature monocytic bodies.

They belong to the dominant elements of the MFS and are distinguished by their heterogeneity. They are tissue-specific and tissue-specific. The first type is mobile histiocytes, which cope well with phagocytosis. They synthesize a large amount of proteins, lysozyme, and produce hydrolase.

Tissue-specific macrophages, in turn, are divided into several types:

• Immobile - concentrated in the liver, have the ability to absorb macromolecules and destroy them;
• Epithelial - localized in granulomatous inflammatory zones (tuberculosis, brucellosis, silicosis);
• Alveolar – in contact with allergic particles;
• Intraepidermal - engaged in the processing of antigens, presenting foreign bodies;
• Giant cells - arise from the fusion of epitolyod species.

The bulk of macrophages are located in the liver/spleen. Also present in large quantities in the lungs.

Monocyte test

To clarify the quantitative value of monocyte cells in the blood, biological material (serum) is sent for laboratory testing. The procedure for collecting capillary blood is carried out in the morning. Before the procedure, the patient is not recommended to eat or drink. Blood is collected from a finger using a narrow glass tube. In some cases, material is collected from a vein. The sample is placed on a sterile glass slide and subsequently sent to the laboratory. The specialist will determine the leukocyte formula using a microscope.

Both indicators are important for assessment – ​​absolute and relative. If other cells of the leukocyte group deviate from the norm, the percentage of monocytes varies, but the absolute indicators will remain normal.

Know! Any excess of the upper limit of acceptable values ​​by monocytes is called monocytosis. However, it is not always life-threatening.

If the absolute number of monocytes is increased, this may indicate the body’s reaction to some virus that has entered the body. What does it mean? Conditions like this often occur:

• at the onset of childhood viral diseases (chickenpox, scarlet fever, measles);
• after the body has recovered from a bacterial infection.

However, equally, an increase in the number of monocytes may indicate more dangerous pathologies. The sooner adequate treatment begins, the greater the patient’s chances for a successful outcome. That’s why they say it’s so important to see a doctor in a timely manner.

When the percentage of monocytes is elevated relative to the level of other cells of the leukocyte group, this may indicate a decrease in the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Such reactions are observed during the active stage of the disease. If a person is on the mend, such a decoding of the result will indicate positive dynamics.

Deviations from the norm

An increased number of monocytes is designated by the term “monocytosis” and most often indicates an infection that has spread in the body.

A high number of agranulocytes can be an indicator of fungal, viral and infectious lesions, since when an attack occurs by harmful organisms, phagocytes begin to multiply to build a defense.

For this reason, during a blood test for tuberculosis, rubella, diphtheria, syphilis, measles, and influenza, an increase in monocytes in the blood will be diagnosed.

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Monocytosis may indicate an oncological disease (monocytic leukemia), which is considered age-related, since it occurs mainly in the elderly.

The percentage of monocytes can be high due to autoimmune pathologies (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus), since the protective function of these blood particles is triggered.

Monocytosis is a companion of an organism infected with Giardia, amoebas, Toxoplasma and other parasites.

High levels of monocytes will be found in patients who donate blood within a certain period after surgery, especially in those who have undergone splenic surgery, appendectomy surgery, and in women after gynecological surgery.

Chemical industry workers may experience monocytosis as a result of ethane tetrachloride or phosphorus poisoning.

In children, the number of monocytes may increase due to teething or when milk teeth are replaced by permanent ones.

A low level of monocytes in the blood is called monocytopenia. The cause of this condition may be an exhausted body, since exhaustion and anemia provoke malfunctions of all organs, including hematopoiesis, radiation sickness, and a severe form of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Long-term chemotherapy (frequent cases of aplastic anemia are observed in female patients) and glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a decrease in the level of monocytes in the blood.

Monocytopenia accompanies some infectious diseases (typhoid fever) in the acute stage, long-term purulent processes.

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In women, a small number of monocytes is diagnosed during pregnancy, when the levels of all blood elements decrease, and after the birth of a child, when the body is significantly depleted.

The complete absence of monocyte cells signals complex blood diseases, such as leukemia (at the stage when protective cells are not produced) and septic damage, due to which blood particles are destroyed under the influence of toxins and phagocytic elements can no longer resist them.

Having learned what monocytes are, you need to pay attention to their indicators, because even if the content of other blood elements is within normal limits, an increase or decrease in the number of monocytes can signal quite serious pathological processes in the body

What to do?

Initially, the cause of monocytosis is determined. This may require additional laboratory tests.

If there are symptoms of a bacterial infection, the pathogen is isolated from biomaterial (blood, swab from the throat or nose, urine, sputum, urine). After isolation, the type of bacteria is determined and, in accordance with this, an antibiotic sensitivity test is carried out. It is not advisable to perform an antibiogram for all groups of antibacterial drugs, since each of them is active against certain species or families. Based on the test results, the patient is prescribed drugs that have shown maximum activity against a specific type of pathogen.

DETAILS: What are leukocytes in the blood, what does it mean when they are high or low

The use of such an approach to treat a viral infection is unacceptable. Because antibiotics are not able to destroy viral particles. In this case, the patient is selected antiviral drugs and drugs that stimulate the body's natural defenses. The use of antibiotics is advisable only for mixed infections.

Treatment of rheumatoid diseases is a long process. Therapy consists of prescribing anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid drugs.

The absence of persistent positive dynamics is a sufficient reason for correction of therapy. In parallel with this, preventive measures are taken to prevent the development of osteoporosis.

If, after receiving the analysis, it is discovered that monocytes are elevated in an adult, then you must immediately consult a doctor to conduct additional tests (in fact, in the case of the development of the same condition in children, you must do the same). It is worth saying that it is pointless to treat conditions in which a change in the number of leukocyte elements in the blood occurs in the body of children or adults. First, the doctor determines the cause of the development of this disease, and then prescribes the necessary pharmaceuticals for its treatment.

Elevated monocytes in the blood of women

In women, many indicators are specific, including the content of monocytes, which depends on her reproductive rate.

Mononuclear phagocytes are also found in the female reproductive system and take an active part in suppressing inflammatory pathological processes in the body. Monocytes are quite sensitive to changes in hormonal levels and can in other cases suppress the reproductive function of the female body. Unfortunately, this role of leukocyte agranulocytes has not been sufficiently studied.

True, studies have been conducted to find out how contraceptives affect monocytes in order to understand which contraceptive drugs cause less harm to the body. It is known that the participation of monocytes in one or another physiological process is accompanied by a change in their target activity. When monocytes are activated, their output of lysosomal enzymes increases. This process is associated with the stability or lability of lysosomal membranes.

To make the essence of the study clearer, let us recall that a lysosome is a small organelle inside a cell, protected by a membrane. An acidic environment is maintained inside the lysosome, capable of dissolving pathogenic cells and microorganisms. The lysosome is the “stomach” inside the cell.

We will not go into details and the mechanism, but we note that women took part in the study,

taking contraceptive oral contraceptives (COCs) containing estrogens and progestins,

used condoms

who used intrauterine contraception (IUD).

And it should be noted that the highest rate of stability of lysosomal membranes was found in women from the group in which they took oral contraceptives consisting of natural or synthetic hormones. The women's immune system responded to mechanical barriers by increasing the lability (variability) of lysosomal membranes and releasing enzymes. It is not difficult to assume that perceiving mechanical contraception as foreign, the body responds by providing an increase in monocytes. No matter how a woman observes the rules of personal hygiene, it is impossible to protect herself from pathogenic microorganisms. But a slightly increased level of monocytes in the blood serves as a barrier to genitourinary infections. The result of studies of female blood often shows that monocytes are slightly increased, because the number of monocytes in the female body fluctuates depending on the phases of the menstrual cycle.

Specialist prognosis for elevated monocytes

The main thing is to identify the cause of the increase in order to neutralize the body from stimulants that lead to deviations in the level of monocytes in the blood. With small changes, it indicates minor diseases that can be cured as prescribed by a qualified doctor.

It is necessary to strengthen the body's immune system by following simple preventive measures. Get your blood tested twice a year. Do not self-medicate. Having made the correct diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe the correct treatment.

1. Segmented neutrophils - what they are responsible for, normal indicators, factors for increasing and decreasing values

How is the diagnosis made?

Important

In a patient without an obvious clinical cause or pre-existing monocytosis, it is probably most appropriate to simply repeat a complete blood count to confirm that monocytosis is indeed present. Sometimes this may be a sampling or research error. Additionally, monocyte counts can increase by 50-100% after exercise, especially in younger men. The increase tends to depend on the intensity and duration of exercise.

If monocytosis is present on repeat testing, the next step is to carefully analyze the rest of the blood for abnormalities, ruling out leukocytosis, anemia, polycythemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, or red cell volume abnormality.

A thorough history and physical examination may be helpful in identifying the cause of monocytosis. It is important to rule out any hematologic disorders or treatments that suppress the bone marrow, such as rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis.

The examination may reveal:

• fever, adenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes);
• minor hemorrhages, heart murmur or other signs of endocarditis;
• enlarged spleen;
• skin lesions suggesting sarcoidosis (Erythema nodosum, Lupus pernio).

There are also factors that can affect laboratory test results. In particular, whether the patient is taking any medications (over-the-counter or herbal, dietary supplements) that could affect laboratory results. Monocytosis may occur in patients receiving cytokines, TNF-alpha, or drugs that increase levels of IL-3, IL-6, or IL-1. It has also been described in patients taking olanzapine, allopurinol, corticosteroids and griseofulvin. Monocytosis may be a precursor to early bone marrow recovery after suppression of its activity by drugs or other factors.

Alena Paretskaya, doctor, medical columnist

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Normal monocytes in blood test

The number of monocytes, like all other types of leukocytes, is determined during a detailed general blood test with leukocyte count and ESR. The calculation can be carried out in absolute (MO#) and relative (MO%) values.

The absolute indicator is determined when the number of leukocytes as a whole is outside the reference (normal) values ​​for each age group in children or general values ​​for adults.

The rate of monocytes in plasma does not depend on the gender of the person, and in an adult it should be within MO% - from 3 to 12% or MO# ≤ 0.82*109/l.

However, in a child these indicators are not very different. So for the MO% values, there is a slight difference only for children under one year old - from 4 to 10%, and for the period between one and two years - from 3 to 10%. But for the absolute number of monocytes in a child, the following limit norms have been established (at 109/l):

• up to one year – ≤1.1;
• from one to two years – ≤0.6;
• from 2 to 4 years – ≤0.5;
• from 4 to 16 years – ≤0.4.

Causes

• Increased neutrophils, especially band neutrophils (neutrophilia). This kind of process indicates an acute inflammatory disorder and is most pronounced in purulent processes (meningitis, abscesses and cellulitis, erysipelas).
• An increase in lymphocytes (lymphocytosis), a condition that is characteristic of a certain number of infections. If lymphocytes are elevated in an adult, what does this mean?
• An increase in eosinophils (eosinophilia) indicates the presence of allergic diseases and syndromes, parasitic diseases, skin diseases, collagenosis, many severe blood diseases, and specific inflammatory diseases.

If monocytes are elevated in the blood of an adult, this means the presence of monocytosis, which can be relative or absolute. With the relative nature of monocytosis in the blood, the level of other leukocytes also decreases, and with the absolute nature, only the number of monocytes increases. The reason for the increase in the relative content of blood cells may be neutropenia or lymphocytopenia.

An increased level of monocytes in the blood may indicate the presence of:

1. Infectious processes caused by bacteria (endocarditis, tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, brucellosis, typhoid) or viruses (mononucleosis, hepatitis);
2. Some diseases of the hematopoietic system (primarily monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia);
3. Some completely physiological conditions (after eating, at the end of menstruation in women, in a child under 7 years old, etc.);
4. Entry into the body (usually into the respiratory tract) of substances of a non-infectious (and often inorganic) nature;
5. Malignant tumor diseases;
6. Collagenosis (systemic lupus erythematosus - SLE, rheumatism);
7. Stages of recovery from infections and other acute conditions:
8. Previous surgical operations.

An increase in the level of monocytes in the blood is an alarming symptom. It may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process or other serious diseases in the body. If a general blood test shows a monocyte level above normal, a doctor’s consultation and additional examination are necessary to identify the cause of the changes.

What does it mean? The appearance of monocytosis in children is also often associated with infections, especially viral ones. As you know, children get sick with viral infections more often than adults, and monocytosis indicates that the body is dealing with an infection.

Monocytosis in a child can also appear due to helminthic infestations (ascariasis, enterobiasis, etc.); after the helminths are removed from the child’s body, monocytosis goes away. Tuberculosis in children is currently rare, however, the presence of monocytosis should be alarming in this regard.

The cause may also be oncological diseases in a child - lymphogranulomatosis and leukemia.

What does it mean

When monocytes in a person’s blood are elevated, this signals so-called monocytosis, which is divided into relative and absolute. Relatively elevated monocytes in the blood indicate a decrease in the number of other leukocytes, and with an absolute increase, only the level of phagocytes increases. The reason for the increase in relative phagocytosis is neutropenia or lymphocytopenia and, conversely, lymphocytosis can reduce the concentration of monocytes.

In an adult

The list of factors that cause an increase in monocytes in the blood of an adult (regardless of whether it is a man or a woman) is very diverse:

• tumor neoplasm;
• pathological processes of fungal and viral origin (acute infections);
• rickettsiosis;
• mononucleosis;
• endocarditis of infectious nature;
• septic lesion;
• chronic infections;
• intestinal pathologies;
• hemopathology;
• osteomyelofibrosis;
• some surgical interventions;
• systemic connective tissue lesions;
• polyarthritis;
• the period of recovery after any infectious disease.

During pregnancy, a slight increase in monocytes in the blood is a normal reaction to the development of a “foreign” body in a woman’s body. But it is recommended to check their levels regularly so as not to miss a significant increase. Physiologically determined general symptoms (general fatigue, slight fever, etc.

The child has

An increased content of monocytes in the blood of children is often associated with infection by microbes and viral infections. Phagocytes exceed the norm in a baby with the development of helminthic infestations (enterobiasis, ascariasis, etc.). Then the monocytes are slightly elevated temporarily, only until the child’s body is completely free of helminths.

As mentioned above, monocytosis is divided into two types:

• Absolute. It is diagnosed when the absolute content of the cells themselves is above 0.12-0.99X109/l.
• Relative. Pathological or physiological condition with an increase above 3-11% of the total number of leukocytes. The absolute numbers of monocytic cells can remain within normal limits, but their content in the total leukocyte formula increases, which indicates a decrease in the number of other types of leukocytes. Often observed with a decrease in the number of neutrophils (neutropenia) and lymphocytes (lymphocytopenia).

An increase in neutrophils (especially stab ones), or neutrophilia, signals the development of an acute inflammatory disorder, which is more manifested in purulent phenomena (meningitis, abscesses and phlegmon, erysipelas). An increase in lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) is characteristic of a number of infectious processes. An increase in eosinophils, or eosinophilia, and basophils indicates the development of an allergic reaction, parasitic pathologies, skin diseases, collagenosis, a number of severe blood pathologies, and specific inflammatory processes.

An increased level of monocytes in adults and children is called monocytosis. It is not a separate disease, but rather refers to the consequences of pathologies in humans.

Monocytosis occurs in diseases:

• hematological tumors (leukemia or lymphoma);
• infections (viruses, tuberculosis, bacterial endocarditis, syphilis);
• autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma);
• sarcoidosis;
• cancer (breast, ovarian, colon);
• myocardial infarction;
• HIV infection;
• severe pneumonia;
• childbirth;
• alcoholism;
• obesity;
• depression.

In addition to diseases, an increase in the concentration of monocytes in the blood count may indicate previous infectious diseases. This indicates that immune cells continue to work to protect humans from viruses, fungi and bacteria.

The monocyte count in women is usually higher than in men. This is due to monthly blood loss during menstruation. There is also a psychological factor: women are more emotional than men, and nervous outbursts can cause an increase in monocytes.

The leukocyte formula in women can change under the influence of the menstrual cycle:

1. During the follicular phase, the number of monocytes may be lower than usual, as endometrial detachment occurs and the woman loses some blood.
2. Ovulation is characterized by an increase in indicators to normal values.
3. During the luteal phase, the number of monocytes increases as the body prepares for endometrial detachment and repeated blood loss.

During pregnancy, the composition of the blood can change, so pregnant women have their own normal values. Typically, elevated monocyte levels during this period are not accompanied by any symptoms. Immunity activates the forces for bearing and protecting the fetus. Indicators may differ from the norm by 2% (the norm for pregnant women is from 1 to 11%).

The symptoms of an increased number of monocytes depend primarily on the underlying disease. Because a high white blood cell count is a clinical indicator and not a disease, it may be accompanied by symptoms of the underlying cause. However, there are atypical cases when an increased rate may have no symptoms at all.

As the immune system begins to fight viruses and bacteria, the main symptoms may be similar to those of a cold:

• weakness;
• temperature increase;
• headache.

These general symptoms accompany most infectious diseases with increased monocyte levels.

Clinically, a high level of mature mononuclear leukocytes is called monocytosis.

If monocytes are elevated in an adult, it could be caused by high levels of stress and weak immunity.

Other physiological problems including even slight increases:

• Autoimmune disorders;
• Inflammation and swelling;
• Viral infection (measles, mumps, infectious mononucleosis);
• Severe bacterial infection (pneumonia);
• Parasitic infection;
• Sickle cell anemia;
• Impaired functioning of the immune system and restoration of the number of erythrocytes in the blood (red blood cells).

Diseases that cause an increase in monocytes in adults are the following:

• Sarcoidos (an unusual tiny ring formation on the surface of affected tissue)
• Chronic granulomatous disease (a genetic disorder in which immune system cells cannot influence specific types of bacteria, viruses, etc.)
• Cushing's syndrome (excessive secretion of a steroid hormone such as cortisol from the adrenal glands)
• Langerhans cell histiocytosis (a disease in which cells called histiocytes multiply within the Langerhans cells (intraepidermal macrophages) of the pancreas).

Lifestyle changes, regular exercise, a healthy weight and adequate sleep help control the number of these white blood cells. Also, consuming certain dietary supplements and foods will help normalize high monocyte levels.

Food

Products containing high amounts of antioxidants help improve immunity and reduce the penetration of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms and viruses into the body.

List of foods and spices containing high levels of antioxidants that reduce inflammation:

• Spinach;
• Onion;
• Garlic;
• Turmeric;
• Black cumin;
• Grape;
• Cherries;
• Broccoli;
• Beans.

Dietary supplements

Omega-3 fatty acid supplements including cod liver oil and the dietary supplement curcumin (a curcuminoid found in turmeric root) help reduce inflammation and reduce the number of monocytes in the blood.

Absolute monocyte content - what is it?

Table of the content of all forms of leukocytes in the blood

In the case of measuring monocytes, their absolute content in the blood, and not just the percentage, plays a very important role. The fact is that a general blood test determines their quantity only relatively. Therefore, a special technique was developed to determine the absolute content of monocytes in the cells of one liter of blood.

This indicator is recorded as “monocytes abs.” or Mon#. "Abs." in this case it means “absolute”.

The absolute norm for monocytes in adults is 0-0.08×109/l. In children under 12 years of age, this indicator ranges from 0.05 to 1.1 × 109/l.

Symptoms and signs of low monocytes in adults

Monocytopenia is only a symptom of a certain disease

A deficiency in the number of monocytes cannot be determined by external signs or certain manifestations of disorders in the body. However, frequent illnesses, reduced immunity and slow regeneration of skin lesions may signal that there is a reason to consult a doctor with these symptoms and donate blood from a finger prick for analysis.

What does this mean if an adult has low monocytes?

In adult patients, the causes of a decrease in monocytes (development of monocytopenia) may be:

• severe stress;
• treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, glucocorticoids, cytostatic drugs;
• aplastic anemia and other diseases accompanied by bone marrow lesions;
• hairy cell leukemia;
• postpartum conditions (especially during complicated childbirth);
• conditions after surgical interventions;
• severe pyogenic infections.

Monocytes are often moderately reduced in an adult after severe physical fatigue.

The reasons for a decrease in monocytes in a child are similar.

The most common reasons for an increase in the level of monocytic cells may be infectious pathologies, various collagenoses, lymphogranulomatosis, long-term use of beta-lactam drugs, etc.

The role of monocytes in the body

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell. They make up 2-10% of the total volume of white cells. These immune bodies circulate through the bloodstream for 2-3 days, and then enter the tissues and become protective cells.

Monocytes in the blood of an adult are responsible for many functions in the body.

They kill microorganisms, absorb foreign particles, remove dead cells and enhance the immune response. However, along with this, they can be involved in the development of certain diseases, for example, inflammatory lesions of the joints or blood vessels.

What are monocytes needed for, what does this mean? Monocytes are white blood cells, leukocytes, which also belong to phagocytes. This means that they eat germs and bacteria that enter the body and thus get rid of them. But not only.

An important indicator in the blood is the ratio of monocytes and leukocytes. Normally, the percentage of monocytes to all leukocytes in the blood ranges from 4 to 12%. An upward change in this ratio is called relative monocytosis in medicine. In contrast to this case, an increase in the total number of monocytes in human blood is also possible. Doctors call this pathological condition absolute monocytosis.

Monocytes are the largest phagocytes in our body. They perform the following functions in the body:

• Phagocytosis. Monocytes and macrophages have the ability to recognize and capture (absorb, phagocytose) foreign elements, including dangerous proteins, viruses, and bacteria.
• Participation in the formation of specific immunity and protection of the body from dangerous bacteria, viruses, fungi through the production of cytotoxins, interferon and other substances.
• Participation in the development of allergic reactions. Monocytes synthesize some elements of the complement system, due to which antigens (foreign proteins) are recognized.
• Antitumor protection (provided by the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor and other mechanisms).
• Participation in the regulation of hematopoiesis and blood clotting due to the production of certain substances.

Monocytes, along with neutrophils, belong to professional phagocytes, but have distinctive features:

• Only monocytes and their special form (macrophages) do not die immediately after absorbing a foreign agent, but continue to perform their immediate task. Losing a fight against dangerous substances is extremely rare.
• Monocytes live much longer than neutrophils.
• Monocytes are more effective against viruses, while neutrophils deal mainly with bacteria.
• Due to the fact that monocytes are not destroyed after a collision with foreign substances, pus does not form in places where they accumulate.
• Monocytes and macrophages are capable of accumulating in areas of chronic inflammation.

Norm and role of monocytes

Monocytes are large mononuclear cells that are a type of white blood cell. These components of the leukocyte series are oval-shaped and do not contain granules, that is, they are agranulocytes . The production of cells is carried out by the bone marrow, from where, after maturation, they enter the bloodstream. Their residence time in the blood is about 3 days, after which they penetrate into the internal organs and tissues of the body.

After migration, they become macrophages, that is, cells capable of capturing and destroying (digesting) foreign pathogenic agents. The rate of monocytes in the blood of women and men is the same and ranges from 3 to 11% of the total volume of leukocytes. Also, as part of the clinical analysis, the absolute (quantitative) cell content is determined. The indicator in this case is designated as monocytes abs and normally the value ranges from 0.08 to 0.6*109/l.

You may also see the abbreviation MXD or MID in blood tests. Often patients do not understand what this means and what this indicator indicates. MID or MXD is the concentration level of 3 components of the leukocyte series (eosinophils, monocytes and basophils). A general blood test makes it possible to determine both the relative and absolute value of these cells. Monocytes in the blood of women and men perform similar functions, which include:

What does a general blood test show during pregnancy? 303530

• destruction of pathogenic microorganisms;
• blood purification;
• digestion of destroyed cells;
• active influence on the process of resorption of blood clots;
• creating favorable conditions for the synthesis of new cells;
• participation in blood formation;
• antitumor effect.

Based on the functions of the cells, what monocytes are can be described as follows: they are a serious barrier to harmful microorganisms and an integral component of the blood. If monocytes are low, then this is a sign of the body’s inability to resist the pathogenic effects of pathogens. The deviation is typical for people with reduced immunity. An increased level of monocytes in the blood is almost always observed during pathological changes in the body.

Causes of decreased cell levels

A condition in which there are low monocytes in the blood is called monocytopenia. Deviation from the norm can occur after suffering shock and severe emotional distress. Monocytes are usually elevated during pregnancy, but immediately after the baby is born, a sharp drop in levels is typical. In this case, a low indicator is not a pathological disorder in the body, but characterizes a natural physiological reaction to changes occurring.

The norm for ESR in children is 20645

Reduced monocytes are also determined in aplastic anemia, exhaustion of the body and severe diseases accompanied by the accumulation of pus. Surgery causes the cell level to drop. With prolonged use of glucosteroids, the content of leukocyte components may decrease. Monocytes below normal are determined in such serious pathologies as bone marrow damage and severe stages of infectious processes with a decrease in the level of neutrophils (for example, typhoid fever).

A decrease in the concentration of leukocyte cells is also possible as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation and heavy chemicals. If the results of a general blood test reveal that the level of monocytes is below normal, then you cannot self-medicate. You need to visit a doctor who will determine the cause of the deviation and, if indicated, prescribe treatment. For some patients, it is enough just to normalize their lifestyle and diet.

An increased number of monocytes is a sign that indicates the progression of inflammation in the body. Although an increase in cell content is not always provoked by pathological disorders, only a doctor can accurately determine the cause. To exclude or, conversely, confirm the diagnosis, additional examination is required. If the disease is present, the doctor will prescribe treatment and give recommendations for prevention. An important component in the course of therapy is a correct lifestyle and balanced nutrition.

Briefly about monocytes

Non-granular leukocytes (monocytes, macrophages, phagocytic mononuclear cells, mononuclear phagocytes) are the largest representatives of the leukocyte community.

This value compared to other cells is explained by their functional responsibilities - they absorb bacteria, damaged and “dead” cells, “AG-AT” immune complexes, in general, relieve the body of the consequences of the inflammatory reaction and are called “orderlies” or “janitors”. However, they exhibit all their abilities in full force when they become macrophages. Monocytes are cells that are not fully mature, they circulate in the blood for three days, and then are sent to the tissues, where, having matured and turning into macrophages, they are finally fixed in the “profession”. Thus, mononuclear phagocytes are a community of monocytes and tissue macrophages: the former actively move in the bloodstream, the latter are inactive and are predominantly located in tissues.

Monocytes belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system. In general, whatever they call it (the system): the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells, the macrophage system, the mononuclear phagocytic system - MPS (previously it was called the reticuloendothelial system - RES).

Due to the fact that any of the names, one way or another, mentions phagocytosis, doctors interpret an increase in the number of these cells in a blood test (monocytosis) as a protective reaction, the body’s response to the penetration of pathogenic bacterial flora. In addition to the phagocytic function at the level of cellular immunity, monocytes interact with other non-granular representatives of the leukocyte unit - lymphocytes, and, accordingly, do not remain aloof from humoral immunity.

Causes of monopenia

The state of monopenia is said to occur when the number of monocytes in the blood, both in an adult and in a child, becomes less than 0.09*109/l or 2.5%.

Monopenia is considered normal only in pregnant women during childbirth and for a short time after it.

Natural causes of a decrease in monocytes include stressful situations. If the psycho-emotional state is normal, then the presence of the following pathologies or conditions can be suspected:

• parasite damage;
• aplastic anemia, hairy cell leukemia;
• folate deficiency anemia;
• severe septic processes;
• pyogenic diseases;
• conditions after surgical interventions;
• long-term use or treatment with glucocorticoids;
• states of shock;
• diseases accompanied by leukopenia;
• exposure to radiation;
• chemotherapy;
• chemical poisoning;
• long fasting.

Symptoms and treatment for elevated levels

There are no characteristic signs indicating that there are elevated monocytes in the blood. Symptoms depend on the disease that caused the cell level deviation. Elevated monocytes in the blood may be accompanied by the following manifestations:

• rapid loss of body weight;
• loss of appetite, up to complete absence;
• increased fatigue;
• general weakness;
• emotional lability (mood instability);
• aversion to meat;
• causeless apathy, anxiety;
• sleep disturbance (insomnia, or vice versa drowsiness);
• pain in the abdominal area, the localization of which is difficult to determine;
• prolonged dry cough, sometimes interspersed with blood;
• intestinal disorder;
• muscle and joint pain;
• rash on the skin and mucous membranes;
• discharge from the genital tract.

The described symptoms can disturb the patient both individually and in combination. If the doctor, when deciphering the results, discovers that the monocytes in the blood test are higher than normal, then a full examination of the body is required to determine the cause of the deviation. After verifying the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes treatment, which depends on the type of pathological disorder.

If monocytes in the blood are elevated as a result of diseases of the digestive tract, then consultation with a gastroenterologist is required. The doctor, as a rule, prescribes drugs that help transfer the pathology into remission (corticosteroids, immunomodulators, aminosalicylates). In case of cancer, surgical treatment, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy may be required. For viral and bacterial infectious processes, antibacterial drugs are prescribed in combination with general restoratives.

Infections

Infections are among the most common causes of monocytosis. This is due to the appearance of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi in the body, which the immune system begins to fight. The bone marrow produces a large number of monocytes, which destroy harmful microorganisms.

Monocytes are elevated in adults and children with the following infectious diseases:

• colds;
• dysentery;
• flu;
• HIV infection;
• tetanus;
• measles;
• syphilis.

There are other infectious diseases that can provoke monocytosis. These are intestinal, respiratory and skin infections that affect organs or systems of the human body.

Mononucleosis

Mononucleosis is a disease that most often affects children and is accompanied by an increase in the leukocyte count in the blood. This condition is dangerous because it can develop into nasopharyngeal cancer or other diseases. The onset of the disease occurs by airborne droplets or through the blood.

The onset and course of mononucleosis is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• temperature increase;
• nasal congestion;
• headache;
• sore throat and redness of the tonsils.

Over time, if treatment is not started, more severe symptoms may appear, which include:

• mononucleosis rash;
• increase in the size of the liver and spleen.

A blood test indicates mononucleosis if the level of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and basophils is high. This condition requires immediate treatment, as there is a possibility of complications.

Monocytosis in a child can be a consequence of infectious diseases. Such pathologies occur mainly during childhood. After treatment, strong immunity appears that lasts throughout life.

Pediatric infectious diseases that increase the concentration of monocytes include:

• rubella;
• mumps;
• chicken pox;
• whooping cough;
• measles.

All these diseases are caused by infectious bacteria that infect the body. In response, the immune system begins to produce additional monocytes to effectively fight pathogenic bacteria.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a pathological condition caused by infectious bacteria. A high level of monocytes in this pathology occurs only in subsequent stages of the disease.

However, sometimes tuberculosis bacteria can behave nonspecifically. In some cases, white cell levels may increase by 10-20%. If primary severe tuberculosis develops, the white blood cell count drops.

Parasites

Monocytes are elevated in adults and children if there is a possibility of parasites existing in the human body. First of all, this is due to the enhanced actions of the immune system. The bone marrow produces more white cells to fight parasitic microorganisms.

The presence of parasites in the human body is not accompanied by any symptoms, but the blood count shows an increase in the concentration of monocytes.

The main parasites that increase monocyte levels include:

• helminths;
• protozoan organisms;
• ectoparasites.

These parasites live at the expense of their host and are regarded by the immune system as enemies. Therefore, protective cells try to destroy them, and the bone marrow helps produce monocytes.

Monocytosis can also be caused by persistent infectious diseases. Chronic inflammation causes changes in the leukocyte formula. A person may not notice any symptoms for a long time, but there may be deviations from the norm in the blood test.

Chronic inflammation that can provoke an increase in the number of monocytes includes:

• herpes;
• shingles;
• cytomegalovirus infection;
• papillomas;
• chlamydia.

Typically, chronic inflammation lasts for months and does not have an acute onset of the disease. However, from the first days of inflammation, the body begins to produce an increased number of monocytes, which is an indicator of the presence of pathology.

Since in autoimmune diseases, the body perceives its own cells as enemy cells, it produces an increased number of monocytes. However, autoimmune inflammation that occurs against the background of the destruction of healthy cells may not always be accompanied by an increase in the number of monocytes. All indicators depend on the general condition of the body and its immunity.

Autoimmune diseases include:

• lupus erythematosus;
• scleroderma;
• rheumatoid arthritis.

When the immune system is active, it produces huge numbers of white cells to fight pathogens. However, in cases of weak immunity, the concentration of monocytes may decrease.

Oncological lesions of the blood are often accompanied by a transformation of the blood composition. Tumors in the hematopoietic system are perceived by protective cells as hostile, and as a result, all indicators of the leukocyte formula increase.

In addition to an increase in the number of monocytes, during oncohematological disease, their concentration may also decrease. This is due to the nonspecific action of tumor cells.

A blood test is an important test for diagnosing cancer. Typically, with malignant tumors, the concentration of monocytes increases as the immune system turns on the defense mode. However, with bone marrow cancer, the rate may, on the contrary, fall. This is due to a weak immune response and a malfunction of the bone marrow.

Monocytes are elevated in an adult if the following malignant tumors are present in the body:

• stomach cancer;
• ovarian cancer;
• lungs' cancer;
• adrenal cancer;
• breast cancer;
• colon cancer.

Elevated monocyte counts may indicate the presence of cancer, so it is important after the analysis to consult a doctor for further diagnosis and to determine the reasons for the deviation from the norm.

Chemical poisoning greatly affects a person’s blood composition. During the occurrence of intoxication, not only the leukocyte formula will change, but also other blood parameters, such as lymphocytes and erythrocytes. The number of monocytes in the blood decreases as the immune system is blocked.

The most common chemicals that cause poisoning with changes in blood composition:

• detergents and cleaning products;
• shampoos;
• vinegar;
• cosmetics;
• ammonia;
• pesticide;
• paints.

Most often, it is children who suffer from intoxication. In case of poisoning, immediate medical attention is required.

Threat with monocytopenia

Monocytopenia is a symptom that should not be ignored

Decreased monocyte counts may be a natural occurrence and not something to worry about, only in pregnant women. However, not always: even pregnant women need to constantly make sure that there are no deviations under the supervision of a doctor.

Maintaining monocyte counts within normal limits is essential. They are protectors that destroy foreign pathological agents, and also fight various infections, fungal diseases and help fight malignant cancer tumors.

In addition to the individual duties of monocytes, they, like other blood cells, perform the following functions:

1. Destruction and prevention of the development of potentially dangerous pathogenic bacteria.
2. Regulation of the body's immune responses to inflammatory processes.
3. Control over protein production.
4. Destruction of obsolete, damaged and defective cells from the body.
5. Creating a favorable environment for tissue regeneration after external and internal damage.

The role played by monocytes is very important in the overall functioning of the body, so it responds negatively to any decrease in their number.

Treatment

Monocytopenia

If a general blood test shows a low monocyte count, you should immediately consult a doctor to prevent the progression of the disease.

Treatment of monocytopenia is the elimination of the causes that caused the disease. In each case, the list of measures to cancel them is different. Sometimes it is enough to revise your diet to increase the number of cells to the desired level. In some cases, special medications and surgery will be required.

How to detect low monocyte levels

Laboratory tests can detect monocytopenia

To detect a low level of monocytes, it is necessary to take a general blood test from a finger prick. It can be prescribed upon request due to symptoms of monocyte deficiency, as well as for any abnormalities in the body.

You can decipher the test results yourself by comparing the indicators in the monocyte line on the coupon with the standard indicators, or by consulting a doctor. The most accurate result will be given by the doctor when he finds out possible concomitant factors and characteristics of your body. In some cases, the doctor may prescribe additional medical tests to more accurately determine the source of the disorder.

Causes of monocytosis

Monocytosis is most often associated with subacute or chronic infections (eg, endocarditis, tuberculosis, syphilis, protozoan or rickettsial infections), vascular disorders, collagen damage, bone marrow repair, granulomatous inflammation (eg, sarcoidosis), or hematologic disorders. An increase in monocytes in the blood of women is possible during pregnancy or after childbirth. In men, it is possible due to smoking or tuberculosis.