How can a woman check her ovaries using ultrasound diagnostics?

Indications for ultrasound of the ovaries

• irregular menstrual cycle, missed periods;
• painful menstruation;
• excessively heavy or scanty bleeding, discharge of blood outside of menstruation;
• diseases of the mammary glands (mastopathy, neoplasms);
• suspicion of inflammatory processes in the appendages;
• complaints of pain in the lower abdomen;
• suspicions of the presence of neoplasms;
• monitoring in preparation for IVF;
• dynamic observation of ovarian functions;
• absence of planned pregnancy;
• screening observation of women's health (prevention of disease development).

The risk of developing diseases of the reproductive system can be significantly reduced if you are regularly examined by a gynecologist. Doctors recommend that every healthy woman undergo an annual ultrasound examination in order to notice abnormalities in time and prevent the occurrence of pathologies.

How to do an ultrasound of the ovaries: methods of conducting

There are three ultrasound methods for checking the ovaries in women: transabdominal, transvaginal and transrectal. Let's consider each method in detail.

Transabdominal - ultrasound is performed through the abdominal wall using an external sensor. This method is now used less and less, because... involves significant preparation of the patient for the procedure. If the preparation is poor, the reliability of the results is distorted.

Transvaginally - since the accuracy of this type of ultrasound data is much higher, and there is no need for preparation on the part of the patient, this method is a priority in modern clinics. A narrow probe is inserted through the vagina upward towards the cervix, providing maximum possible access to the pelvic organs.

There is also a transrectal method, but it is used extremely rarely, in exceptional cases (for example, in virgins).

Types of ultrasound and how is each examination performed?

Today, examination using an ultrasound machine can be carried out in three different ways:

1. Transabdominal - this examination method is carried out through the peritoneal wall using an external sensor. This method of examination has recently been almost forgotten and is used very rarely, this is due to the fact that the patient needs to be thoroughly prepared for it. If you prepare a woman incorrectly, the results will be inaccurate; the size, volume, and structure of the ovaries will not be revealed.
2. Transvaginal - the accuracy of this type of ultrasound is much higher than that of transabdominal and there is no need to prepare the patient for the examination; this method has recently enjoyed great success. A small sensor is inserted through the vagina and allows a thorough examination of the reproductive system.
3. There is also a transrectal examination, but it is used only in cases where it is necessary to examine a girl who is not yet sexually active - a virgin.

How to prepare for an ovarian ultrasound

Preparation for an ovarian ultrasound in women is of great importance. Although there are no special restrictions on diet, medications or health conditions, a woman should take into account the following rules.

Ultrasound of the ovaries should be performed on certain days of the monthly cycle.

• In order to assess their morphological condition and check for the presence of pathologies, it is necessary to do an ultrasound immediately after the end of menstruation, on days 5–7 of the cycle .
• In order to determine their functional activity, the study should be carried out on the days recommended by the attending physician. The fact is that during the course of a month, reproductive processes occur in a woman’s body, which have 4 phases of development. To determine the causes of infertility or hormonal imbalance, it is often necessary to observe the condition of the organ in each of these phases.

With transabdominal access, the bladder should be filled as much as possible.

An hour and a half before the test, you should drink 1–1.5 liters of still water or tea. The bladder, filled with water, conducts ultrasound well to the ovaries, which are located behind it.

If the bladder is not full enough, the doctor may not “examine” the organs of interest properly. It is not recommended to have a bowel movement before the end of the procedure - this may affect the reliability of the results.

No special preparation is required for transvaginal ultrasound.

The most important thing a woman should take care of is personal hygiene products. For individual protection against infections, a special condom is placed on the sensor.

Typically, diagnostic rooms are fully equipped with such disposable products, but sometimes, in their absence, the patient is asked to purchase the product herself. The product is called “Condom for Ultrasound” and is sold in all pharmacies.

Note: if a woman has a severe allergy to latex, you should notify your doctor in advance.

Before transrectal ultrasound, it is necessary to clear the rectum of feces.

To do this, on the eve of the appointment, the girl must do a small enema (300–350 ml of water). You should also ensure that there are no gases in the intestines - do not eat foods that stimulate their formation the day before (fruits, vegetables, sweets, brown bread, legumes, carbonated drinks).

Tips before visiting

Before you go to the ultrasound room, it is worth asking your gynecologist which place is best to go to. The thing is that the procedure is paid, it is done in many private clinics, but the high price does not guarantee the competence of the diagnostician.

The device itself with which screening is carried out is also important. The newer the technology, the more accurate the results themselves will be.

Important! If the diagnosis is controversial, it is better to conduct research in several places to confirm or refute it.

Useful video on the topic:

https://youtu.be/TcIEAiXyW7M

How is the ovarian ultrasound procedure performed?

• Ultrasound examination of the ovaries using transabdominal access - the patient lies on the couch with her back down, freeing the groin area and abdomen from clothing. The doctor generously lubricates the surface of the skin with gel in order to ensure better contact of the external sensor with the body. The device is moved over the skin with slight pressure.
• For transvaginal access, it is necessary to take the position necessary for optimal insertion of the sensor - lie on your back with your knees bent. The device is quite narrow and does not cause any discomfort - the procedure is completely painless.

In order to fully examine both ovaries, an ultrasound diagnostic specialist will need 10–15 minutes.

Standards for ovarian examination results

During the examination, the doctor determines the position, size and structure of the ovaries.

The normal position of the ovaries is on the sides of the uterus and somewhat posteriorly. It is because of their adherence to the uterus that they received the informal name of appendages. During pregnancy, these organs move upward.

The size of the ovaries can vary depending on the day of the menstrual cycle, the woman’s age, the number of full-term and terminated pregnancies, the use of oral contraceptives and the individual characteristics of the body. The following parameters are considered normal for a woman of reproductive age:

• volume – from 4 to 10 cm3;
• length – from 20 to 37 mm;
• width – from 18 to 30 mm;
• thickness – from 16 to 22 mm.

In most women, the right and left ovaries differ in size. However, a significant difference in volume may indicate the presence of pathology or a congenital anomaly. An increase in size may indicate polycystic syndrome or oophoritis.

The structure of the ovaries depends on the day of the menstrual cycle - the doctor determines the size and number of follicles, the presence of a dominant follicle, the corpus luteum, and examines for cysts and tumors.

A discrepancy between the structure and the norm may indicate polycystic disease (many undeveloped follicles), late ovulation, functional disorders and pathologies.

The normal size of the ovaries according to ultrasound depends on the day of the study:

• Days 5–7: 5–10 follicles in the cortex, ranging in size from 2 to 6 mm;
• 8–10 days: 5–9 follicles no more than 10 mm and 1 dominant, 12–15 mm;
• 11–14 days: dominant follicle 16–20 mm, ovulation – when it reaches 18 mm;
• Days 15–18: a corpus luteum (15–20 mm) forms at the site of the ovulated follicle;
• 19–23 days: the corpus luteum gradually reaches a size of 25–27 mm;
• 24–27 days: the corpus luteum regresses to 10–15 mm;
• menstruation: the corpus luteum disappears.

Main functions of the ovaries

The gonads are formed long before the birth of the girl herself.

The process of their formation begins in the second month of pregnancy and continues until the beginning of menstrual flow in the fair sex.

The main function of the ovaries is generative, that is, the formation of eggs. These organs also influence the development of the mammary glands in a girl.

The ovaries regulate the production of hormones such as androgen and estrogen.

Normal ovarian sizes in women of childbearing age

It is worth initially noting that the normal size of the ovaries in women is never fixed.

The parameters of these gonads change depending on the age of the fair sex and the level of hormones produced.

The dimensions of these organs are not symmetrical. It's normal that one may be a little larger than the other.

There is no pathology in this when the normal sizes of the ovaries differ by several millimeters.

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) is used to determine the size of the gonads. It should be taken from 5 to 7 days after menstrual flow.

Completing this study does not require special preparation on the part of the fair sex. The girl will only need to choose the method of carrying it out.

There are 3 of them in total:

1. Transabdominal.
2. Transvaginal.
3. Transrectal.

During a transabdominal ultrasound of the ovaries, the girl’s lower abdomen is lubricated with gel, and then the ultrasound doctor moves a sensor over that area of ​​the body to measure parameters.

With the transvaginal method, the device is inserted directly into the vagina. This is the most accurate type of research.

The transrectal method involves performing the procedure through the rectum. Typically, this type of ultrasound is used in relation to virgins to preserve the hymen, when the transabdominal method does not produce any results.

The normal size of the ovaries is determined by its volume. It is the latter indicator that indicates inflammation in the gonads, the presence of cystic diseases and malignant or benign formations.

Normal ovarian size in women (expressed in millimeters):

• The length should be from 20 to 37.
• Normally, the width varies from 18 to 30.
• Thickness ranges from 16 to 22.

The volume should be from 4 to 10 cm3.

Gynecologists note that parameters may decrease or increase depending on the day of the menstrual period.

Table: normal ovarian sizes according to ultrasound on different days

Normally, the ovaries should be located in the posterior part of the broad uterine ligament. They are attached to the leaves by mesenteries.

Causes of changes in ovarian size

The parameters of the gonads change for many reasons: the age of the fair sex, the stage of the menstrual cycle, the number of births and abortions performed. Also, the increase or decrease can be affected by taking medications containing hormones.

Most often, in women carrying a child, the ovaries become enlarged. This occurs due to increased blood flow.

Also, the organs rise slightly during pregnancy due to the enlargement of the uterus. After childbirth, the ovaries become smaller.

Gonadal parameters during pregnancy (expressed in millimeters):

1. Length – from 22 to 44.
2. Width – from 20 to 35.
3. Thickness - from 18 to 25.

Volume – from 5 to 12 cm3.

The parameters also change with the onset of menopause. During menopause, the ovaries shrink to the following sizes (expressed in millimeters):

• Length – 20 – 25.
• Width – 12-15.
• Thickness: 9-12.

Volume – 1.5-4 cm3.

Diseases and pathologies that may accompany changes in ovarian size

Ovarian parameters in women need to be constantly monitored, because their changes indicate problems in the reproductive system.

An increase in organs from 1.5 to 2 mm indicates pathology or the occurrence of an inflammatory process.

A change in the parameters indicates the presence of a cystic lesion. This disease occurs most often due to excessive insulin production.

The cause of cystic degeneration is an excess of androgen (male hormone) in the female body.

Symptoms of this disease are:

1. Pain in the lower abdomen.
2. The appearance of problems with facial skin.
3. Excessive body hair.

Cystic degeneration

Cystic degeneration is treated with laparotomy, oophorectomy and physical therapy.

Polycystic disease can also cause enlarged ovaries.

This is a benign bilateral proliferation inside or on the outside of organs of many cystic formations that externally resemble vesicles. This disease is very dangerous, because it threatens many women with infertility.

It manifests itself as irregular menstrual cycle, obesity, increased greasiness of the hair and skin, and painful sensations in the lower abdomen.

With this disease, the ovaries increase in width to 4 cm and up to 6 cm in length. Also, changes in the parameters of these organs are affected by the presence of benign, malignant tumors and metastases.

Gonadal dysgenesis

Often the cause is gonadal dysgenesis. This is a congenital pathology. Gonadal dysgenesis refers to profound underdevelopment of organs.

This pathology occurs due to an incorrect number of chromosomes. With dysgenesis, the dimensions of the ovaries are 15 mm in length and 10 mm in width.

Cervical erosion

Cervical erosion also provokes changes in gonadal parameters.

It occurs due to hormonal disorders, sexually transmitted diseases and injuries after abortions.

Note! If cervical erosion is not treated, there is a high probability that the disease will develop into cancer.

Andexit

Andexitis is the most common pathology in women. This disease is characterized by inflammation of the appendages of the reproductive system.

Andexitis occurs due to previously suffered candidiasis, chlamydia and mycoplasmosis.

Apoplexy

A very rare phenomenon in women is apoplexy.

This is a rupture of the gonad, accompanied by hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity.

Symptoms and diagnosis

It is extremely difficult to independently determine the presence of a particular gynecological disease.

To do this, you will need to visit a gynecologist, undergo an ultrasound and take blood tests for hormones and the presence of infectious diseases.

Also, if necessary, the doctor can prescribe computer diagnostics, magnetic resonance imaging or vascular Doppler.

It is worth remembering that ovarian enlargement is always accompanied by pain (with the exception of menopause and pregnancy).

Symptoms of gonadal pathologies:

1. Weakness.
2. Fast fatiguability.
3. Nagging pain in the lower abdomen.
4. Bloody discharge not during menstruation.
5. Lower back pain.
6. Increased body temperature.
7. Vaginal discharge in larger volumes than usual.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is worth noting that too small the size of the ovaries indicates a decline in the functioning of these organs, and an increase indicates inflammation or pathology.

Video: Ultrasound of the ovaries in women: features of diagnosis and results

Ultrasound of the ovaries is performed either as a preventive measure, or if there are suspicions of tumors, pathologies and inflammatory processes. It is not difficult for a specialist to detect this organ. If a woman experiences pain in the lower abdomen, bleeding outside the cycle, pain during ovulation and other alarming symptoms, she should immediately contact a gynecologist, who, after a gynecological examination, will be able to make a preliminary diagnosis and, if necessary, refer her for an ultrasound examination. You should not engage in independent treatment and diagnosis, since not only her sex life, but also her ability to conceive and bear a healthy child depends on the condition and functioning of a woman’s reproductive system.

An ultrasound examination is prescribed for a woman if:

1. There is constant pain in the lower abdomen.
2. She plans to get pregnant in the near future.
3. There is pain during sexual intercourse.
4. Pain during menstruation is too severe.
5. Cycle disturbances are observed.
6. There are diseases of the mammary glands.
7. Inflammation of the appendages.
8. The woman is observed in the process of IVF dynamics.
9. The doctor suspects a pathology.
10. As a preventive measure.

Ultrasound of the ovaries can detect in women

a large number of pathologies, diseases at the preclinical stage. The study also helps to diagnose neoplasms, evaluate the follicular apparatus and the structure of the ovaries.

Description

Ultrasound examination is one of the most informative types of diagnostics. Ultrasound allows you to assess the condition of the ovaries, their functionality, and possible pathologies. The procedure is carried out during population screening, routine medical examinations and when gynecological diseases are suspected.

A woman is examined with a sensor emitting ultrasonic waves in a hospital setting. During the procedure, the doctor determines the condition of the organs from the image obtained on the monitor screen. Using an ultrasound machine, measurements of all sizes and examination of individual tissue areas are taken. If necessary, the image is enlarged. The average time for an ultrasound is up to 15-20 minutes.

Where to get an ultrasound examination of the ovaries in Moscow?

At a multidisciplinary medical center, you can always undergo an examination - an ultrasound examination of the ovaries. Our medical center is located between the Konkovo ​​and Belyaevo metro stations. The journey from each of them will take no more than 10 minutes. Here you will find highly qualified personnel and the most modern diagnostic equipment. Our clients will be pleasantly surprised by our quite affordable prices.

Ultrasound of the ovaries is a diagnostic procedure that allows you to assess the condition of a woman’s genital organs. It is carried out every six months to identify possible diseases. According to the doctor's indications, it is prescribed more often. This research method is considered safe even for pregnant women.

Indications for ultrasound of the ovaries in women

An examination is indicated for suspected infertility or lack of conception. To do this, you should check the ovaries and uterus. The latter are initially examined completely; later, if pathologies are detected or functions need to be monitored, only the affected organs are subject to examination.

To obtain complete information about a woman’s reproductive health, she should additionally undergo blood tests for hormonal levels, vaginal smears for microflora and infections.

Indications for ultrasound of the ovaries in women:

• suspicion of infertility;
• irregular menstrual cycle;
• lack of conception for more than a year with regular unprotected sexual intercourse;
• heavy or scanty menstruation;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• diseases of the mammary glands;
• hormonal imbalance;
• routine gynecological examination.

Regular consultations with a gynecologist will ensure timely detection of diseases of the ovaries and other genital organs. Early treatment is highly likely to preserve a woman’s reproductive function. Pathologies are often diagnosed in their final stages - this is due to the frequent asymptomatic course of diseases of the appendages.

Pathology with ultrasound of the ovaries

Congenital malformations

This is a fairly rare pathology. The following variants of organ dysgenesis are distinguished:

• monoovary - an ovary was found on ultrasound, but there is only one. This may also be due to surgical removal of the organ;
• hypoplasia - an organ reduced in size with hypofunction;
• hyperplasia of the gland - the ovaries are enlarged on ultrasound;
• anovaria - absence of both glands;
• bifurcated and accessory ovaries - on one side there are 2 normal-sized organs or there is a small additional gland on one side;
• ptosis (prolapse) of the ovary - if the ovaries were seen on ultrasound, but they are located lower than normal. In the future, the formation of a hernia of the organ is possible.

When is the best time to do an ultrasound of the ovaries and uterus?

The day of the examination is determined by the attending physician depending on medical indications. The first ultrasound examination can be performed on any day of the cycle, with the exception of the period of menstrual bleeding - in the presence of chronic or acute diseases, the disease is easily diagnosed in any phase of the cycle. Experts recommend doing an ultrasound of the ovaries on days 5-7 or 22-24 of the cycle - the exact time is determined individually.

To obtain a complete picture of the functionality of the ovaries, ultrasound is performed several times during the menstrual cycle. The first time it is done on days 5-7, then on days 8-9, 13-14 and 22-24. This study is called folliculometry and is necessary to monitor ovulation by monitoring the growth of follicles on ultrasound and their subsequent rupture in the ovaries for the release of the egg. This type of diagnosis is prescribed to women with suspected infertility.

Types of examination

Types of ultrasound of the ovaries in women have different information content and differ in the process of conducting:

• transabdominal - examination of organs through the anterior abdominal wall, for this the doctor smoothly moves the sensor over the skin, previously lubricated with gel;
• transvaginal - the most informative method, carried out by inserting a sensor into the vagina to a depth of 12 cm;
• transrectal - rarely used for diagnosing ovaries; for examination, the sensor is inserted into the rectum to a depth of 6 cm.

All types of ultrasound are absolutely painless, but can be accompanied by discomfort due to slight compression of organs by the sensor.

Types of diagnostics

Modern types of gynecological ultrasound are divided into three different ways of performing ultrasound of the ovaries:

1. Transabdominal.
2. Transvaginal.
3. Transrectal.

Transvaginal ultrasound of the ovaries
Transabdominal ultrasound uses a wide ultrasound probe. It is placed on the front wall of the woman’s abdomen and the follicular apparatus is diagnosed through the skin.

Previously, this method was the only way to study the ovaries. But now it is done less frequently, since it provides little information about the condition of a woman’s reproductive organs.

It shows only gross and advanced pathological processes. But in modern medicine, diagnosticians must diagnose the disease as early as possible. Therefore, this method is exclusively a backup method.

The transvaginal method is based on the fact that a small sensor (transducer) is inserted into the woman's vagina. With its help, you can see the condition of the uterine mucosa, the condition of the follicular apparatus and many other nuances.

Despite the fact that the size of the sensor is small and it passes perfectly through the entire length of the vagina, this still affects the sensations of the patient. So many women complain of discomfort and mild pain during the procedure.

Diagnosis by the transrectal method (into the rectum) is most often done in virgins, so as not to damage the hymen. Despite the fact that the sensor is small and it passes perfectly through the lumen of the rectum, women with an anal fissure may experience pain .

Preparing for the examination

Preparing for an ultrasound scan of the ovaries and uterus does not take much time. When prescribing a diagnosis, gynecologists inform the patient about all the rules of procedures that must be followed before the study.

Transabdominal ultrasound

To obtain the most reliable results, it is necessary to prepare the internal organs of the pelvis for the procedure. To do this, you need to follow a special diet for 2-3 days, excluding gas-forming foods - legumes, cabbage, white bread, etc. Before visiting a doctor, you should empty your bowels naturally or with the help of a microenema.

The bladder should be full. An hour and a half before the ultrasound, a woman needs to drink up to one and a half liters of non-carbonated liquid. Tea, water or juice are suitable for this purpose. Insufficient fullness of the bladder makes it difficult to examine the appendages.

Transvaginal

To perform such an ultrasound of the ovaries and uterus, no preparation is required from the woman. First, you should thoroughly rinse the perineum using intimate hygiene products.

Infections during examination are excluded - to protect the patient, doctors use a disposable condom made for sensors. Some clinics ask clients to bring their own protective product, which can be purchased at the pharmacy.

If the ovary hurts during or after an ultrasound, you should immediately inform your doctor - this may be caused by some disease of the pelvic organs.

Transrectal

To carry it out, it is necessary to clear the rectum of feces. To do this, before visiting a doctor, you should empty your bowels naturally or with the help of a microenema. A few days before the procedure, gas-forming products should be eliminated.

Preparation

Ultrasound of the ovaries is an absolutely harmless diagnostic procedure that is painless for a woman. Thanks to ultrasound scanning, the doctor can observe an accurate picture of the condition of the female organs, which is largely possible only with proper preparation of the patient for the examination.

First of all, a woman should begin following a special diet a few days before the procedure. The fact is that intense gas formation in the abdominal cavity can significantly distort the diagnostic result, and therefore foods that contribute to the accumulation of gases should be excluded from the diet. On these days you should not eat:

• baking from yeast dough,
• soda,
• dairy products,
• legumes,
• fresh fruits, vegetables, herbs,
• sweets.

Before the test, you can take anti-bloating medications for several days to consolidate the results of the diet.

Transabdominal examination requires filling of the bladder. The patient should start drinking several hours before the diagnosis and take as much clean water as possible. In this case, you cannot empty your bladder.

The preparatory stage for transvaginal and transrectal examination methods is not much different from preparation for examination with an external sensor, except for the fact that it is necessary to clean the rectum with an enema and empty the bladder.

When is the best time to do an ovarian ultrasound?

Depending on the preliminary diagnosis given to the woman, the doctor selects the optimal day of the menstrual cycle to undergo an ovarian ultrasound.

An extremely accurate diagnostic result is obtained from the 5th to the 7th day of the cycle. It is on these days that the patient is sent for ultrasound (ultrasound diagnostics) to check the organ for pathologies and assess the morphological condition.

To examine reproductive function, an ultrasound examination is done three times a month:

• during the period from the 8th to the 10th day,
• in the middle of the cycle
• closer to the end of the cycle, on the eve of the start of menstruation.

Such multiple diagnostics allows the sonologist to determine the number of mature follicles and identify the causes of infertility or hormonal imbalance.

In a situation of extreme necessity, the procedure is performed on any day of menstruation.

Indications for the procedure

As a rule, ultrasound of the ovaries is recommended in a comprehensive manner along with the study of other pelvic organs, but a separate examination of this particular organ is also possible. Indications for the use of ultrasound are:

• disruption of the menstrual cycle,
• pain during menstruation,
• pain in the lower abdomen,
• bloody issues,
• inflammation as a preliminary diagnosis,
• suspicion of cystic or tumor formations,
• infertility,
• stage of preparation for artificial insemination,
• preventive diagnostics.

Thanks to ultrasound of the ovaries, doctors diagnose:

• cystic formations,
• polyps,
• tumors
• acute inflammatory processes,
• ectopic pregnancy,
• endometriosis,
• fibroma,
• fibroids,
• teratoma,
• liquid accumulation,
• chorionepithelioma,
• apoplexy of neoplasms,
• Blistering skid.

What is the price

You can examine the ovaries using ultrasound by contacting a state antenatal clinic or one of the paid medical centers. If a woman’s priority is saving money, then the first option is suitable. But she should be prepared for the fact that she will have to sign up for the procedure and wait for her turn from several days to several weeks. In addition, free clinics often have outdated equipment, and one cannot count on one hundred percent reliability of the result.

In paid ultrasound rooms, echography is carried out quickly, without registration or queues, using modern equipment. The cost of the procedure is from 850 rubles.

How to do an ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries

The examination stages of the procedure itself do not differ from each other. The main differences lie in the area of ​​the body through which the examination is carried out.

Transabdominal

The patient lies on the couch on her back with her legs straightened. A special gel that conducts ultrasonic waves is applied to the previously exposed lower abdomen. The sensor is moved over the lubricated area, assessing the condition of the internal genital organs. Visualization is difficult when the bladder is not full or when gases form in the intestines.

Transvaginal

The woman lies on the couch on her back, with her legs bent and slightly spread. A condom is put on the sensor, the latter is lubricated with a special gel. The device is inserted into the vagina and gently moved within it for a complete examination. This method is the most informative due to the absence of other organs that may interfere with the examination and the close proximity to the appendages.

https://youtu.be/WFP3-RAgCmw

Transrectal

The patient lies on the couch on her side, bending her knees and clasping them with her arms. The sensor with a pre-applied condom is inserted into the anus. This method is used very rarely and is relevant only when transvaginal scanning is impossible or examination through the abdominal wall is uninformative.

In girls and virgins

For girls and women who have not been sexually active, the transabdominal or transrectal method is used. Examination by inserting a probe into the vagina is not possible due to the risk of damaging the hymen. After the start of sexual activity, patients are recommended to undergo a transvaginal ultrasound for a more detailed examination of the organs.

Carrying out examination during pregnancy

Ultrasound examination of the ovaries is a mandatory diagnosis that is performed upon pregnancy. Usually it occurs at 11-12 weeks of obstetric time - simultaneously with the first screening. In the absence of pathologies and diseases of the appendages in the anamnesis, additional studies are not carried out.

If there are cystic or tumor-like formations, ultrasound of the ovaries during pregnancy should be performed regularly, starting from the first weeks - this is necessary to monitor their growth.

The procedure, regardless of gestational age, can be performed transvaginally or transabdominally. Preparation for the study is carried out in the same way as for non-pregnant women. During the examination, the size of the organs, their location, the presence of cysts and the functioning of the corpus luteum are assessed.

Changes in the appendages during the menstrual cycle

The appendages themselves are always the same size.
Changes occur in the follicles and corpus luteum necessary for conception. The first contain an egg that is released on days 14-16 of the cycle for fertilization, breaking the outer shell. The corpus luteum is formed at the site of the burst follicle - it is necessary for the production of the hormone progesterone, which promotes the movement of the egg through the fallopian tubes and the implantation of the fertilized egg into the walls of the uterus. Changes in follicle size by day of the cycle:

• 5-7 days – formation of several dominant follicles up to 6 mm in diameter;
• 10-11 days – clear identification of a dominant follicle measuring 14-16 mm;
• 14-15 days - the follicle reaches its maximum size of 18-22 mm, after 1-2 days it will rupture and the egg will be released, i.e. ovulation.

The days of the cycle are indicated taking into account its duration of 28 days; in women with a longer or shorter menstrual cycle, changes in the appendages occur at other times.

https://youtu.be/iSzj0TXD65g

After ovulation occurs, the corpus luteum matures:

• 15-16 days - the corpus luteum is determined to be up to 20 mm in size, free fluid in the uterus from a burst follicle;
• Day 20 – the corpus luteum actively produces progesterone and reaches a size of 25-27 mm;
• 26-27 days - regression of the corpus luteum - its diameter is 1 cm, with the onset of menstruation it disappears.

These changes are considered normal - they are present in all women who do not have health problems.

Normal ovaries on ultrasound

The ovaries are homogeneous in structure, isoechoic in relation to the uterus and hypoechoic to the intestinal loops. Due to the vessels, the medulla can be hyperechoic compared to the cortex. Anechoic follicles are located in the cortex along the periphery. The dominant follicle usually reaches from 2.0 to 2.8 cm.

Important!!!

Simple ovarian cysts smaller than 3.0 cm are considered follicles.

Ovarian volume for different ages

The volume of the ovaries is calculated using the ellipse formula: 0.5 x length x width x height

Changes in the ovary during the monthly cycle

The corpus luteum is an endocrine gland that regulates the menstrual cycle and maintains early pregnancy. The corpus luteum is formed from the cells of the wall of the preovulatory follicle. After ovulation, the volume of luteal tissue increases, increased vascular formation occurs, and the level of progesterone and estradiol increases. High blood flow in the corpus luteum is an indicator of metabolic activity. The corpus luteum remains unchanged until the 12th week of pregnancy and until the 23rd day of the menstrual cycle if pregnancy does not occur.

The corpus luteum may become filled with hypoechoic fluid, in which case it appears as a cyst. Fluid within the corpus luteum should be interpreted as a normal physiological phenomenon. Most often, blood and ichor leak from the vessels of the follicle wall after rupture. Fluid can be seen immediately after ovulation, and subsequently the volume may decrease or increase.

During the first week

After ovulation, the corpus luteum can be traced to a rupture point on the outer edge of the ovary. If the break point is not visible, it is difficult to distinguish between a corpus luteum cyst and an anovulatory follicle. Therefore, the best time to identify the corpus luteum is soon after ovulation.

The corpus luteum can be seen throughout the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Once conception occurs, the corpus luteum will persist through the first trimester of pregnancy. In the absence of conception in the late luteal phase, degradation of blood flow begins in the corpus luteum and with the onset of the next menstruation, the corpus luteum will regress. As a result of regression of the corpus luteum of the previous cycle, a white body is formed. Sometimes several white bodies from previous menstrual cycles can be observed.

Take care of yourself, Your Diagnosticer

!

Ultrasound of the ovaries (echography, sonography of the ovaries) is a method for examining the internal genital organs of a woman, allowing one to assess the structure and state of function of this reproductive organ. It is rarely performed as an independent procedure; it is more often found as part of a complex procedure.

Decoding the results

The condition of the organs is determined by several parameters that are recorded on the diagnostic sheet. Using some values, you can independently decipher the results of an ultrasound scan of the uterus and ovaries, and the presence of any abnormalities in their functioning.

Location

Normally, the ovaries are located on both sides of the uterus, on the side walls of the pelvis.

They may be slightly shifted relative to the uterus - with a slight change this is not considered a deviation. In most cases, the norm of location is determined individually - for some women it may differ slightly from the established standards. This is explained by the anatomical features of the internal organs.

Dimensions

It is most convenient to determine the size of the appendage in the first days after the end of menstruation. At this time, dominant follicles and the corpus luteum are still absent, which simplifies the specialist’s work. The obtained values ​​must be compared with the size standards described above.

Fabric structure

When examined by a doctor, the number of ripening follicles and the size of the corpus luteum are determined. These parameters depend on the day of the menstrual cycle and its total duration. The general structure of the organs should be homogeneous. If echo signs of a cyst of the right or left ovary are detected, its size and cause of origin are determined. If it is difficult to make a diagnosis, some formations are additionally examined by biopsy.

Possible pathologies

Most types of diseases of the appendages are determined by ultrasound examination. Thus, the following pathologies are detected:

• functional cysts resulting from a disruption of the menstrual cycle;
• non-functional cysts and tumors;
• torsion of the pedicle of a cystic formation;
• torsion of the ovary itself;
• inflammatory processes;
• oncology of the appendages;
• polycystic – multiple formation of functional cysts;
• dysfunction of the appendages - manifested by their excessively small size.

If these diseases are detected, additional diagnostic measures are required.

The size of the ovaries is normal according to ultrasound

The following indicators can be determined on the monitor of the ultrasound machine:

• size of the gonad;
• tissue structure;
• location of the organ in the abdominal cavity;
• the presence of cystic and malignant neoplasms.

But most often, ultrasound is performed to analyze the formation and development of follicles. This allows you to find out the cause of infertility.

In a healthy state, the ovary is a small oval-shaped organ with a bumpy surface. Lumps on the surface are a consequence of the development of follicles inside the gland - egg carriers. The size of the follicles varies at different periods of the menstrual cycle.

It is necessary to take into account the fact that in any woman, both those who have given birth and those who have not given birth, the size of the gonads can change without pathology. This phenomenon can occur due to changes in hormonal levels, age-related changes in the body, and also after a certain number of pregnancies. The maximum size of the ovaries is observed in women 30–40 years old.

Also, in a healthy state, the ovaries are disproportionate: one organ is slightly larger than the other. But if the lack of proportionality is pronounced, then we should talk about a pathological phenomenon: an inflammatory process or the development of a neoplasm.

The patient sees four indicators in the ultrasound results. Normal values ​​are shown in the table below.

In pregnant women, enlarged ovaries are normal. This phenomenon is caused by increased blood flow. Also, as the fetus develops, the expanding uterus moves the paired glands higher into the abdominal cavity.

Changes in the number and size of follicles are determined by the period of the menstrual cycle. Normally, follicles change as follows:

• 5 – 7 days – noticeably up to 7 small follicles, with a diameter not exceeding 6 mm;
• 8 – 10 days – the dominant follicle is determined, its size reaches 15 mm, and the size of the remaining formations does not exceed 10 mm;
• 11 – 14 days – the dominant follicle grows to 2 cm, ovulation begins;
• 15 - 18 days - the follicle ruptures, a corpus luteum emerges from it, 2 cm in diameter;
• 19 – 23 days – the corpus luteum grows to 2.5 – 2.7 cm;
• from day 24 until the end of the cycle, the follicles decrease.

Based on deviations in the process described above, the doctor can find out the cause of infertility.

On the ultrasound monitor, each ovary is visualized as a small oval formation. The surface of each gland is slightly bumpy because it is covered with ripening follicles. The more days have passed since the beginning of the cycle, the larger these tubercles are.

Quite soon, among the total number of follicles, one dominant one stands out, and it is clearly visible on ultrasound. It is he who will release a mature egg at the moment of ovulation.

The interpretation of ultrasound results always indicates the size of the organs and follicles themselves. The size of the gonads may vary slightly depending on the phase of the cycle, the number of pregnancies, the age of the women, etc. The norms for each ovary for ultrasound are as follows:

• in length – 20-37 mm;
• width – 18-30 mm;
• volume – 4-10 cubic meters. cm;
• organ thickness – 14-22 mm.

Norms for follicles vary depending on the day of the menstrual cycle:

• Days 5-7 – 5-10 formations, size – 2-6 mm;
• Days 8-10 – 5-9 follicles, size up to 10 mm, dominant – 12-15 mm;
• days 11-14 - the dominant follicle grows to 16-20 mm, ovulation usually occurs at 18 mm;
• 15-18 days - a corpus luteum measuring 15-20 mm appears at the site of the burst follicle;
• days 19-23 – the corpus luteum increases to 25-27 mm;
• Days 24-27 – the corpus luteum reaches 10-15 mm.

Then comes menstruation.

• Width 25 mm, • Length 30 mm, • Thickness 15 mm.

During life, towards the beginning of the natural decline of the functional ability of the ovaries, the size may change: the largest size is recorded in women at the age of 40 years. Very often, an ultrasound scan of a woman’s ovaries reveals cystic formations - cavities filled with liquid contents. Their presence does not indicate gross pathology; most likely, upon repeated examination, the cyst will disappear on its own. If this does not happen, then it is necessary to undergo treatment, conservatively to begin with.

There are cases when the ovary cannot be seen during an ultrasound examination. In such cases, differential diagnosis is carried out between a congenital anomaly, an adhesive process against the background of a tumor or inflammation; or increased accumulation of gases in the intestines led to difficult visualization.

In the absence of pathology, the contours of the ovary are lumpy, due to the location of the follicles. Normally, their number is 9-10; if there are 2 times less, this allows us to suspect changes in the female reproductive sphere. The diameter of the follicle is from 3 to 5 mm, later the dominant follicle increases to 24 mm, it contains a full-fledged, mature egg. Ovulation is the process of maturation and release of an egg from the follicle.

• Variant of normal ovulation. • Follicular atresia. • There is no ovulation process, the immature follicle is reduced in size. There is no release of the egg. • There is no process of folliculogenesis. • Throughout the entire menstrual cycle there are no changes, follicle formation is absent. • Follicular cyst. • The follicle has arisen, its size corresponds to the norm, but it does not leave the ovary, but continues its development, transforming into a cyst.

Pathological oogenesis (this is the name of the process) is the cause of female infertility. As we noted above, an ovarian cyst may disappear on its own after several menstruation. This statement is true for both follicular and luteal cysts (corpus luteum).

If a follicular cyst ruptures, it is an emergency and requires immediate hospitalization followed by emergency surgery.

A dermoid cyst is a round-shaped neoplasm, with thickened walls, filled with dermoid contents: cells that would become the skin and its appendages (hair, nail plates).

Photo of an ovarian cyst in a woman on ultrasound

Endometrioid cyst - develops against the background of endometriosis, a disease in which hormone-dependent growth of endometrial foci occurs.

In this case, the glandular tissue from the uterus is “thrown” into the ovary, the cyst in 80% of cases is localized on one side. An endometrioid cyst looks like a round formation, with uneven wall thickness. There may be inclusions with a diameter of up to 2-3 mm inside.

Polycystic ovary syndrome

With polycystic ovaries, there is a significant increase in size. In this case, multiple cysts with a diameter of up to 9 mm are clearly visible.

To normalize the condition, hormonal therapy is prescribed, and surgical treatment is possible. The most severe pathology, both in terms of treatment and prognosis, is ovarian cancer. On an echogram it is practically indistinguishable from a cyst. A cyst with malignancy (malignant), in most cases, is multi-chambered, with heterogeneous contents.

Signs of ovarian cancer in women on ultrasound

Ultrasound of the ovaries (appendages) and uterus is a good way to diagnose a wide variety of pathologies of the woman’s reproductive system. Timely diagnosis of diseases helps prevent the spread of pathology, which is important for malignant neoplasms of the ovary. Moreover, ultrasound diagnostics resolves issues regarding the preservation of reproductive function.

Content

During an ultrasound, the device displays data that the specialist records and analyzes:

• organ size;
• its structure;
• location;
• the presence of tumor or cystic neoplasms.

In addition, the process of formation and development of follicles is assessed. This is very important in identifying the causes of infertility.

A healthy ovary looks like a small, lumpy, oval-shaped structure. This is exactly how the diagnostician sees it in the screen picture. The tubercles are follicles. They may be smaller or larger depending on the day of the menstrual cycle.

It should be noted that in a healthy woman, including a nulliparous woman, the size of the ovaries may change. This is due to changes in hormonal levels and the general condition of the body, and also depends on age and how many times the woman has been pregnant. The maximum size of a paired organ is recorded in women aged 30 to 40 years.

The size difference between the two organs is also normal. But significant disproportion of the ovaries indicates inflammation and neoplasm.

When talking about the size of the ovary, experts mean its volume. An indicator is calculated as the product of the length, width, thickness of the organ and a constant coefficient of 0.532.

Normally, during pregnancy there is an enlargement of the ovaries. This change is due to increased blood flow. Their location also changes. The growing uterus lifts the paired organ into the abdominal cavity.

In addition to the size of the organ itself, the parameters of the follicles are determined by ultrasound diagnostics. Depending on the day of the menstrual cycle, their number and size changes:

• from the fifth to the seventh day, up to seven small glands ranging in size from two to six millimeters are observed;
• from the eighth to the tenth day, the dominant gland is formed, the size of which reaches fifteen millimeters, other follicles have a size of no more than ten millimeters;
• in the period from the eleventh to the fourteenth day, the main follicle grows up to two centimeters - this is the beginning of ovulation;
• between the fifteenth and eighteenth day, the main follicle bursts and a two-centimeter corpus luteum is formed;
• from the nineteenth to the twenty-third day, the corpus luteum reaches a size of up to twenty-seven millimeters;
• From the twenty-fourth to the twenty-seventh day, the follicle shrinks.

It is the observation of this dynamics of changes in the follicle that allows us to identify the cause of infertility and clarify the diagnosis.

Reasons for deviations

As mentioned above, the size of the ovaries can change depending on the day of the menstrual cycle, the age of the woman, and also during pregnancy. However, normally such changes are quite minor. When the size is an order of magnitude larger than normal, this indicates the development of pathology, inflammation or neoplasm. An accurate diagnosis should be made only after additional research.

Other features noticeable during ultrasound

During the examination, not only the size and structure of the organs are determined, but also the degree of their functionality. Sometimes quite rare pathologies are diagnosed.

Why the ovary may not be visible or clearly visible

Most often, the appendage is not clearly displayed on the monitor screen during a rectal or transabdominal ultrasound.
In this case, visualization is hampered by an overproduced bowel or an unfilled bladder. The study should be repeated in compliance with all preparation rules. An ultrasound does not show the ovary even when it is depleted or there are adhesions. If it is difficult to make a diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging of the organs should be performed - this type of diagnosis is considered much more informative than ultrasound.

Increase in size

A slight increase in appendages is noted when the follicles reach large sizes. If there is a strong deviation from the norm, an inflammatory process or cystic formation is diagnosed.

Lack of follicles

Indicates a violation of the reproductive function of the ovaries. The study must also be carried out for the next menstrual cycle - most women do not ovulate 1-2 times a year for natural reasons.

Follicles are not detected during examination at the time of ovulation - during this time the corpus luteum has not yet had time to form, and the doctor may make a false diagnosis.

Increased echogenicity

Stroma is the lining of the appendage containing many blood vessels. Its high echogenicity indicates the course of polycystic disease or an inflammatory process.

What does ovarian cancer look like on an ultrasound machine?

Oncology in the ovaries is determined by ultrasound in the form of a multilocular cancerous tumor and papillary growths. Such formations have thick walls; in the final stages they can reach enormous sizes.

Other violations

Other types of diseases that can be detected by ultrasound of the ovaries:

• endometriosis – adhesions of the uterus, fallopian tubes, formation of endometrioid cysts on the appendages;
• ovarian pregnancy - attachment of the embryo near the appendage or to its walls;
• calcifications in the ovaries by ultrasound are defined as the deposition of calcium salts in the organ;
• rupture of the appendage or its cyst is accompanied by acute pain, which forces an examination.

Ultrasound of the ovaries is necessary for every woman to undergo regularly to prevent the development of gynecological diseases. Carrying it out 1-2 times a year ensures timely diagnosis of pathologies, and early treatment accelerates the recovery process. The ultrasound examination method is considered completely safe and does not harm health.

Ultrasound of the ovaries in women is one of the mandatory methods for diagnosing diseases and pathologies of the reproductive organs. Everyone knows that the ovaries are small glands located in the pelvic area. Their main purpose is to produce a hormone responsible for a woman’s reproductive health.

There are quite a few ways to determine the shape, size and presence of a pathological process occurring in the ovaries, but the most popular is ultrasound diagnostics.

Ultrasound picture of ovarian pathology

Ultrasound examination can identify the following types of pathological formations of the appendages:

• Functional cysts: luteal and follicular, as well as their variety - hemorrhagic;
• Organic cysts: paraovarian, dermoid, serous;
• Ovarian endometriosis;
• Polycystic ovary syndrome;
• True gonadal tumors: benign and malignant.

According to the classification, polycystic ovary syndrome does not relate to gonadal cysts and tumors, but is usually considered together with this pathology in terms of differential diagnosis.

In the description of the ultrasound, the doctor always indicates:

• Size of formation (diameter);
• Localization of the identified pathology;
• The presence of concomitant changes in other pelvic organs.

Let's take a closer look at the ultrasound picture for each pathology.

Ultrasound helps to indirectly determine the type of cyst; the final diagnosis is made by histological examination.

Follicular cyst

On ultrasound it looks like a hypoechoic single-chamber oval or round formation with thin walls. The contour is clear and smooth, inclusions are not detected. The contents of the cavity are anechoic. The size of the formation is usually no more than 12 cm. Normal ovarian tissue can be seen behind.

With Doppler ultrasound, blood flow inside and around the cavity is not determined. The photo below shows a follicular cyst:

In rare cases, a follicular ovarian cyst is detected in the fetus. This formation persists throughout intrauterine development and usually regresses spontaneously in the first months after the birth of the child. The photo shows this pathology:

Corpus luteum cyst

Defined as a hypoechoic round or oval formation with a thick wall. The contour of the cavity is clear and even, no inclusions are detected. Sizes – from 3 to 8 cm.

With Doppler ultrasound, a distinctive sign of a luteal cyst is observed - the appearance of a “ring of fire” around the cavity (parietal blood flow). This is clearly demonstrated in the photo below:

Hemorrhagic cyst

The cavity filled with blood is presented as a hypoechoic single-chamber structure with various inclusions: fine suspension or fibrin threads. The wall thickness is determined by the initial pathology. With Doppler ultrasound, blood flow in the lumen of the cavity is not detected, as can be seen in the following photo:

Endometriotic cyst

Ovarian endometriosis has its own characteristic signs:

• Round or slightly elongated formation;
• Double contour of the capsule (the appearance of hyperechoic foci cannot be excluded);
• Wall thickness – 2-8 mm;
• May be multi-chamber. Inside there is a large number of small cells of an elongated or round shape;
• No blood flow is detected inside the cavity.

Endometriomas are often detected on both sides at once. During menstruation, the lesions increase in size, after the use of hormones and with the onset of menopause, they decrease. The photos below demonstrate these deviations:

Paraovarian cyst

On ultrasound it looks like an anechoic formation with a thin capsule. Located between the layers of the broad ligament of the uterus. The unchanged ovary and fallopian tube are clearly visualized nearby. There may be an increase in echo behind the mass. With Doppler ultrasound, blood flow inside the cavity is not determined. These changes are shown in the following photo:

Dermoid formation

Mature teratoma is usually observed in only one ovary (in 75% of cases). Visible as an oval or round formation with hyperechoic inclusions. Almost always single-chamber (multi-chamber cavities are detected only in 8% of women). The structure of the cyst includes bones, nails, teeth, hair and other embryonic tissues.

A distinctive feature of a mature teratoma is the presence of fat secreted by the sebaceous glands. On ultrasound, this symptom is called a dermoid plug or Rokitansky's node. Often thin echogenic stripes are detected - inclusions of various tissues, as can be seen in the photo:

Indications

Ultrasound of the ovaries in women is most often performed in conjunction with the rest of the pelvic organs. This allows you to see a complete picture of the condition of the genitourinary system. In order to diagnose pathology and make an accurate diagnosis, the examination is repeated from one to five times a month . This is especially important when solving the problem of pregnancy and hormonal problems.

Ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries is performed if pathology of the reproductive system is suspected. It is prescribed for disorders of the female cycle (irregularity, pathological changes in the duration of menstruation), complaints of pain in the lower abdomen. The doctor may prescribe an ultrasound examination if a routine gynecological examination suggests the presence of an oncological tumor or ovarian cyst.

This ultrasound examination is also popular during preventive medical examinations. This makes it possible to identify the presence of pathology in the early stages, when the symptoms are mild and nothing bothers the patient.

Indications for the procedure

During an ultrasound examination, the doctor has the opportunity to assess the functionality of a woman’s reproductive system and identify diseases, such as:

1. uterine fibroids;
2. endometriosis;
3. inflammation of the internal genital organs;
4. endometrial hyperplasia;
5. polycystic ovary syndrome;
6. salpingitis;
7. ovarian tumors or cysts;
8. confirm or deny pregnancy;
9. pathology of the cervix.

In addition to the above diseases, diagnostics of the uterus and ovaries allows us to identify other disorders caused at the hormonal level, monitor the course of pregnancy, embryo development and other abnormalities in the female genitourinary or reproductive system.

How to prepare for an ultrasound

To obtain an accurate result of the study, proper preparation for an ultrasound scan of the uterus and appendages is of great importance. This requires a special diet that prevents the accumulation of gases in the intestines. If this problem is not solved, then the specialist will not have the opportunity to thoroughly study the organ being studied. At least 4 days before diagnosis, vegetables, legumes, black bread and carbonated drinks are completely excluded from the diet. In addition, you need to limit your consumption of sweets. Carbohydrates also contribute to increased gas formation.

For better results, it is recommended to take carminative medications (Espumizan, Motilium) the day before the examination.

For a transabdominal type of examination, a similar diet and a full bladder are also required. That is why, two hours before an ultrasound, a woman should constantly drink water. If, in addition to an external examination, an internal examination is also necessary, then after the first stage the bladder is emptied and a scan is performed using a vaginal sensor.

Before an ultrasound of the uterus is performed transrectally, the same preparation is prescribed, but in addition to reviewing the diet, the woman is given a cleansing enema, since the rectum must be completely cleared of feces.

In order to check the condition of the reproductive system using transvaginal scanning, no special preparation is required. The main condition is an empty bladder and clean intestines, without signs of flatulence.

Many people wonder when is the best time to do an ovarian ultrasound. Only a doctor can answer this unequivocally. But most often, ultrasound examination of the appendages is prescribed 5-8 days after the end of menstruation. To determine the number and growth of follicles, the release of a mature egg, and the appearance of the corpus luteum, ultrasound is performed regularly throughout the menstrual cycle.

How is ultrasound performed?

Not everyone knows how an ovarian ultrasound is performed. To do this, there are several most common methods of ultrasound scanning:

1. Transabdominal method. This is a superficial study, which is carried out with a special sensor through the anterior wall of the abdomen. It is prescribed when obvious signs of an ectopic pregnancy appear, when an oncological process in the pelvic organs is suspected, inflammation of the ovaries and to detect pathology of the appendages. During the period of bearing a child, this ultrasound method of examination is used to monitor the development of pregnancy and exclude fetal pathology. Before the procedure, the expectant mother is told about how an ultrasound of the ovaries is performed, whether it has an effect on the fetus and how to properly prepare for it.
2. Transvaginal method. The most informative method. Unlike transabdominal ultrasound, the sensor is separated from the pelvic organs only by the vaginal wall. This method is convenient because it does not require additional preparation. You just need to choose the right day for the study. For a preventive examination, the 10th day of the cycle would be ideal. If the doctor suspects endometriosis, the study is carried out in the second half of the cycle. When determining the cause of infertility, diagnostics are done several times during the month, which allows for detailed monitoring of the functioning of the ovaries. During pregnancy, this method is used only in the early stages. In the third trimester, transvaginal examination can provoke muscle tone, which often leads to undesirable consequences.
3. The transrectal method is used quite rarely and mainly in cases where there are contraindications for diagnostics by other methods. Most often this is the patient’s virginity or uterine bleeding. Before the ultrasound, it is necessary to cleanse the rectum of feces using a cleansing enema or laxatives.

Transabdominal ultrasound

During transabdominal examination, the patient should be in the supine position. A special gel is applied to the skin of the abdomen to prevent air from getting between the sensor and the skin, which could interfere with the transmission of an accurate signal.

The specialist smoothly moves the sensor along the abdominal wall, pressing it in the places where the organs are projected. If the patient experiences pain at the same time, it is necessary to immediately tell the doctor about it. After the end of the study, the result is deciphered and given to the woman being examined.

Methods of performing ultrasound

Transvaginal ultrasound

With the transvaginal method, the patient is also in a supine position, but her legs should be bent at the knees and spread apart. The examination is carried out with a special sensor with a beveled end, onto which a condom is placed and lubricated with a special gel to eliminate the air gap. The sensor is then inserted into the vagina and the examination begins. Due to the small depth of penetration (the length of the sensor is 10-12 cm) and the complete absence of sudden movements, this procedure cannot cause any unpleasant sensations. After the doctor completes the diagnosis, he writes down the result within 10 minutes and gives it to the patient.

Transrectal ultrasound

The transrectal method is less informative and is used less frequently than others. The patient is in a lateral decubitus position with her knees bent. The sensor is inserted into the rectum to a depth of 5-6 cm and an examination is carried out. Due to the small size of the sensor, such diagnostics do not cause the slightest harm to the body and do not cause discomfort. The entire procedure takes no more than 15 minutes, after which the results are deciphered and given to the patient.

The transrectal method is also good because it can be performed on very young girls. This is especially important now, when the pathological process can develop at a very young age.

Can everyone have an ultrasound?

Ultrasound has no absolute contraindications. For this reason, examination can be carried out even on newborns. After the diagnosis, the patient does not experience any side effects.

In this video you will find useful information about how an ovarian ultrasound is performed:

There are only a few recommendations worth considering. The vaginal method is not prescribed for virgins. The rectal method is not carried out in the presence of obvious signs of hemorrhoids - fissures in the anus, hemorrhoids and their prolapse, as well as pathological narrowing of the intestinal tract.

The abdominal method is not used for skin wounds on the abdomen. Otherwise, the sensor will not be able to fully scan the ovaries.

Decoding the result

An ultrasound of the ovaries looks not only at the size and shape of the organ, but also at the condition of its follicles. This is especially important when testing for infertility. If the size of the gonads does not change and is 25-30 mm in length and 20-30 mm in width, then the follicles that mature on their surface change depending on the phase of the cycle.

On days 5-7, approximately 10 follicles no larger than 5 mm in size mature, then they begin to grow, and by about day 10 they reach 10 mm. By the middle of the cycle, the dominant follicle up to 2 cm in size is clearly visible on ultrasound, after which ovulation occurs. In place of the burst follicle, a yellow body appears, the size of which also begins to fluctuate.

The sizes of the ovaries can vary slightly among themselves, and it often happens that the right organ is slightly larger than the left. But this difference should not exceed 5 mm. If the difference is too large, then there may be a pathological process that needs to be carefully checked.

Using ultrasound diagnostics, it is possible to determine inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs and the presence of pathological fluid in the uterus, appendages, and posterior vaginal vault.

During the postpartum period, this method of examination makes it possible to monitor not only the reduction in the size of the uterus, but also to ensure that no accumulations remain in its cavity. An ultrasound is performed in the maternity hospital 2-3 days after birth. If a pathology is detected, the woman is immediately provided with assistance in a hospital setting.

Ultrasound diagnostics of the pelvic organs is a method that allows you to identify a pathological process in the initial stage of development, monitor the course of pregnancy and make an accurate diagnosis in the most complex cases.

Ultrasound of the ovaries is the main way to determine a tumor, cystic neoplasm, inflammation of the appendages. This diagnostic method is important for oophoritis, ovarian cancer, and adnexitis.

Ultrasound examination of the uterus

Having felt alarming symptoms, the woman is sent for examination. If the reproductive organs are functioning correctly, all studied indicators should be normal.

To assess the general condition of the uterus, the doctor examines the following indicators using an ultrasound.

Body position

The uterus is located between the upper part of the rectum and the bladder. It is considered correct when the organ is tilted forward towards the rectum or urinary tract. The doctor carefully examines the location of the uterus and indicates everything in the protocol.

Organ outlines

Normally, an organ is considered to have a flat and smooth surface. There should be no scar changes, neoplasms, or thinning on the body of the uterus. An uneven contour may indicate the presence of inflammation.

Endometrial size

The endometrium is the mucous lining of the uterus. In patients of reproductive age, its thickness may vary depending on the period of the cycle. If the diagnosis was carried out immediately after the end of menstruation, this value is approximately 1-2 mm; after ovulation, its width reaches 10-15 mm.

In women during menopause, the thickness of the endometrium does not change throughout the month. Over the years, after the cessation of its functions, the endometrium gradually becomes thinner. At the beginning of menopause, its thickness is about 8.5 mm, and after 10 years it may become smaller - 1.32 mm.

Uterus size

If the uterus is normal, then its size depends on age, number of pregnancies and is approximately 45-70 mm. The anterior-posterior size of the uterine body varies from 34 mm to 44 mm, width - 45-60 mm.

If the size of the uterus is smaller than normal, underdevelopment of the organ can be suspected. When these indicators are increased, this indicates the presence of pregnancy or.

The nulliparous uterus has the following dimensions:

• length – 4.5 cm;
• thickness – 2 cm;
• width – 2.5 cm.

During pregnancy, the uterus increases in length to 40 cm and becomes heavier.

Cervical parameters

The cervix, which has no pathologies, is homogeneous. Its correct size is on average 35-40 mm. The cervical canal should contain a homogeneous fluid (mucus) and be approximately 2-3 mm in diameter.

An enlargement of the cervical canal or the cervix itself may indicate the development of various pathologies.

Echogenicity

This parameter indicates the density of the fabrics. The norm is homogeneous echogenicity. In the presence of any other indicators, the development of a neoplasm or fibroids is possible.

Presence of free fluid

After ovulation, fluid in small quantities may be observed in the retrouterine area. But during other periods of the menstrual cycle, the presence of this fluid indicates possible pathologies caused by sexually transmitted infections.

Cavity structure

In a healthy body, the uterine cavity is homogeneous. A blurred structure indicates endometrial disease or the presence of neoplasms.

The doctor records all examination data in the protocol. Having assessed the above indicators, he can make an accurate diagnosis.

Ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries is rightfully considered a fairly informative diagnostic method, which is prescribed for violations of the functioning of the organs of the woman’s reproductive system. If an ultrasound examination does not help establish an accurate diagnosis or the doctor has any doubts, the patient is recommended to donate blood for hormones, bacterial culture and other tests.

Ultrasound of the ovaries is performed either as a preventive measure, or if there are suspicions of tumors, pathologies and inflammatory processes. It is not difficult for a specialist to detect this organ. If a woman experiences pain in the lower abdomen, bleeding outside the cycle, pain during ovulation and other alarming symptoms, she should immediately contact a gynecologist, who, after a gynecological examination, will be able to make a preliminary diagnosis and, if necessary, refer her for an ultrasound examination. You should not engage in independent treatment and diagnosis, since not only her sex life, but also her ability to conceive and bear a healthy child depends on the condition and functioning of a woman’s reproductive system.

An ultrasound examination is prescribed for a woman if:

1. There is constant pain in the lower abdomen.
2. She plans to get pregnant in the near future.
3. There is pain during sexual intercourse.
4. Pain during menstruation is too severe.
5. Cycle disturbances are observed.
6. There are diseases of the mammary glands.
7. Inflammation of the appendages.
8. The woman is observed in the process of IVF dynamics.
9. The doctor suspects a pathology.
10. As a preventive measure.

Ultrasound of the ovaries can detect in women

a large number of pathologies, diseases at the preclinical stage. The study also helps to diagnose neoplasms, evaluate the follicular apparatus and the structure of the ovaries.